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- Author or Editor: Walter E. Ballinger x
Abstract
ASHS has operated a Placement Service for 9 years. This service can be extremely valuable to individuals seekjobs and to employers seeking applicants for positions. It is extremely important that employers have a large and complete list of prospective employees before they make a decision. Likewise, prospective employees should have an extensive list of positions available so that they can find a position which is best suited to their training and experience.
Abstract
The ethanol content of ‘Harrison’ and ‘Jersey’ highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and ‘Premier’ rabbiteye blueberries (V. ashei Reade) increased linearly with time (1 to 4 hours) and exponentially with temperature (0° to 30°C) during exposure to an atmosphere of pure N2 or CO2. CO2 production was depressed about 20% under N2 gas. Berries which were placed in air after 4 hours in CO2 lost half the CO2 they contained every 30 minutes. After 3 hours, CO2 evolution from treated and control fruit was the same. Fruit quality was unaffected by exposure at 0° to 30° to pure N2 or CO2 gas for up to 4 hours. However, 22 hours in a CO2 atmosphere at either 0° or 30° reduced fruit quality. An equation was derived to calculate ethanol accumulation under different cooling rates.
Abstract
The ethanol concentration of ‘Carlos’ grapes (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) increased linearly with time (1 to 4 hours) and exponentially with temperature (0° to 30°C) during exposure to an anaerobic N2 or CO2 atmosphere. Ethanol loss from grapes placed in air after 4 hours in CO2 was dependent on the concentration of ethanol accumulated during anaerobiosis. Fruit quality was unaffected by 0° exposure to an anaerobic CO2 atmosphere for up to 72 hours after 6 hours in CO2 at 30°. However, 30 hours in a CO2 atmosphere at 30° reduced fruit quality. An equation was derived to calculate ethanol accumulation during cooling of warm fruit under anaerobic atmospheres.
Abstract
Anthocyanins (Acy) in ripening blueberry fruit of the cv. Wolcott were identified and their amounts estimated spectrophotometrically. Fifteen Acy, all combinations of Mv, Pt, Pn, Dp, and Cy with glu, gal, or arab4 in the 3-position were found in unripe, red fruit. Ripe and overripe fruit contained all these Acy except Pn-gal. Cy-glu and Cy-gal comprised about 40% of the total Acy in unripe fruit, while Mv-glu and Mv-gal constituted about 60% in the overripe fruit. The relative proportions of 3-glucosides, 3-galactosides, and 3-arabinosides remained fairly constant throughout fruit ripening.
Abstract
The amino acid, organic acid, and free sugar contents as determined by gas-liquid chromatography, of ‘Wolcott’ fruit were not influenced quantitatively or qualitatively by different ratios of NH4-N and NO3-N applied in nutrient solution via a constant-flow gravity drip system to blueberries planted in sand. The amino acids detected in order of decreasing concn in the ‘Wolcott’ fruit were: tyrosine, glutamine, lysine, glutamic acid, tryptophane, gamma-aminobutyric acid, histidine, arginine, aspartic acid, alanine, serine, leucine, cysteine, threonine, isoleucine, valine, proline, and glycine. Citric acid was the predominant organic acid accompanied by lesser concn of shikimic and quinic acids. Fructose was the free sugar present in greatest concn in the fruit followed by beta-glucose and alpha-glucose. Sucrose was present at extremely low concn. The sugar/acid ratio of the ‘Wolcott’ fruit was not influenced by the N nutrient treatment.
Abstract
Blueberry plants (Vaccinium corymbosum L. cv. Wolcott) under a constant-flow gravity system in the greenhouse were able to utilize either NO3-N or NH4-N and maintained a healthy growth status for 2 growing seasons.
Abstract
Anthocyanins of ripe fruits of 13 species of Vaccinium (12 species of the Cyanococcus and 1 species of the Polycodium sub-genera) collected in the eastern United States and grown together near Castle Hayne, North Carolina were hydrolyzed to yield aglycones and sugars. TLC separation and identification of these hydrolysates indicated that anthocyanins of the 12 species of the sub-genus Cyanococcus (true blueberries; Camp) contained 5 aglycones (> means “in greater quantity than”) (delphinidin > cyanidin > malvidin > petunidin > peonidin) and 2 sugars (galactose > arabinose). Anthocyanins of Polycodium representative V. stamineum (deerberries) differed from those of representatives of Cyanococcus in that they yielded only large amounts of the aglycone cyanidin and trace amounts of peonidin. Hydrolysis of anthocyanins of fruits of V. stamineum and 7 species of Cyanococcus yielded glucose. Thus, species of Cyanococcus appeared to have a similar anthocyanin content. Anthocyanin contents of Polycodium (V. stamineum) were different than those of Cyanococcus but generally the same as those reported for cranberries (V. macrocarpon, sub-genus Oxycoccus). Reports in the literature indicate that anthocyanins of other sub-genera of Vaccinium contain xylose (V. myrtillis; bilberry; cyanidin-3-xylosylglycoside) and rhamnose (V. vitis-idaea; cowberry; delphinidin-3-glycoside, 5-glycoside, and 3-rhamno-glycoside). Thus, as indicated from this initial study, fruits of the genus Vaccinium appear to vary in anthocyanin content with sub-generic classification.
Abstract
(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) plus 0.1% polyoxyethylene sorbitan (Tween 20) was applied as a fruit cluster dip at 2000, 4000, and 8000 ppm to highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L. cv. Morrow) at different stages of berry development. Earliest ripening was obtained with 8000 ppm treatment made late in Stage II. Ripening date was not related to concentration when applied in Stage III. Harvest period was shortest, less than 1 week, when treatments were applied in Stage III, regardless of concentration. Berry weight decreased with increased concentration, but little difference was noted with respect to stage of development at time of application. Generally, pH decreased with increasing concentration of ethephon and with advancement in stage of development at time of treatment. An increase in ethephon concentration resulted in an increase in acidity, decrease in soluble solids (SS) and decrease in SS/acid ratio at each time of application until Stage III of fruit development. Stage III treatments showed no concentration effect with the exception of the acidity response to the 8000 ppm treatment. Optimum time of application was near the end of Stage II and the beginning of Stage III.
Abstract
HPLC analysis of the fruits of species of Vaccinium sections Herpothamnus (V. crassifolium and V. sempervirens), Pyxothamnus (V. ovatum), Polycodium (V. stamineum), and Oxycoccoides (V. erythrocarpum), determined that species in these sections fall into two distinct groups. Species in Herpothamnus and Pyxothamnus contained the 3-monoarabinosides, 3-monogalactosides, and 3-monoglucosides of cyanidin, dephinidin, malvidin, peonidin, and petunidin. Differences in anthocyanins (ACY), aglycones, and aglycone-sugars were not useful in distinguishing among species in Herpothamnus. However, differences in aglycones and aglycone-sugars were useful in distinguishing between Herpothamnus and Pyxothamnus. Species in Polycodium and Oxycoccoides contained more than 90% cyanidins, no delphinidins, and small percentages of peonidins and malvidins. Vaccinium stamineum also contained no petunidins. These two sections were similar in ACY and aglycones, but did vary in percent galactose and arabinose. Potential crossabilities, along with overall similarities in ACY among these and other sections, support a fairly recent origin of North American sections of the genus Vaccinium.