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Abstract
Nucellar red grapefruit, Citrus paradisi Macf., on ‘Swingle’ citrumelo, Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. × C. paradisi, rootstock produced more fruit than trees on 20 other rootstocks over 9 years during the period when the trees were 6 to 14 years old. Fruit quality on ‘Swingle’ citrumelo was the same as on ‘Texas’ sour orange, C. aurantium L. Leaf analysis for 12 elements showed significant differences among rootstocks in the concentration of 7 elements, particularly a strong tendency of ‘Chinese box-orange’, Severinia buxifolia (Poir.) Ten., to accumulate Mn and of ‘Limon Real’, C. excelsa Wester, to accumulate Na.
Abstract
Twenty-nine mandarins (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and mandarin hybrids on sour orange (C. aurantium L.) rootstock were grown for 10 years. At the first 6 harvests, ‘Orlando’ tangelo was most productive, followed by ‘Pearl’, C52-36-6, 6-5-15, and ‘Fairchild’. Hybrids 6-12-26, C52-84-35, and ‘Minneola’ produced the largest fruit. About half the selections had small fruit (fruit circumference <22 cm); 16 selections lacked attractive exterior color. ‘Minneola’, ‘Orlando’, and ‘Page’ fruit contained more than 60% juice; only 5 selections had less than 50%. Total soluble solids were never below 10% and were usually 11% or higher. Four selections had acids below 0.70% and 6 were above 1.0%, with ‘Lee’ being lowest and C52-84-35 highest. All Brix acid ratios were above 9:1. Ten selections had 30 or more seeds/fruit; only 3 had 15 or less, including satsuma with 4 seeds/fruit. Very few of the selections appear promising under the South Texas environment.
Abstract
Yield, fruit quality, growth, and the levels of 12 elements in the leaves of 14-year old nucellar ‘Redblush’ grapefruit on 13 rootstocks showed that trees on Citrumelo C.P.B. 4475, ‘Morton’ citrange, and ‘Bittersweet’ sour orange were the most productive; those on ‘Ponkan’ mandarin, seedlings on their own roots, and sour orange were the least productive 3 . Two-year means of total soluble solids ranged from 10.3% for fruit from trees on ‘Bittersweet’ sour orange, ‘Carrizo’ citrange, and ‘Ponkan’ mandarin to 11.3% on sour orange. Fruit size was best on ‘Bittersweet’ sour orange and on Citrumelo C.P.B. 4475. Effects of rootstock on the levels of N, K, Mg, Mn, Zn, Na, and Cl and B in the leaves were statistically significant.
Abstract
‘Orlando’ tangelo (Citrus paradisi Macf. × C. reticulata Blanco) on 16 rootstocks was most productive on Swingle citrumelo, Morton citrange, Rangpur lime, and Cleopatra mandarin when the trees were 3 to 10 years old. Fruit quality was superior on Sun Chu Sha Kat, Keraji, and Kinokuni mandarins, hybrid C61-253 (‘Shekwasha’ × ‘Koethen’), Texas and Iwaikan sour orange, and Morton citrange rootstocks. Trees on Swingle citrumelo, Iwaikan sour orange, ‘Precoce de Valence’ sweet orange, Morton citrange, and Sun Chu Sha Kat mandarin had the largest canopies. Leaf levels of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Na, Cl-, and B varied significantly with rootstock.
Abstract
‘Marrs’ early orange trees, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, on Swingle citrumelo rootstock were more productive than trees on Texas sour orange, Cleopatra mandarin, and 8 other rootstocks. Fruit from trees on Swingle was large, but had a Brix 0.8% lower than fruit from trees on Texas sour orange, while the acid content was similar. Leaf concentration of 12 elements was affected by rootstocks, especially by Chinese box-orange.
Abstract
Single crystals and clusters of crystals or druses found by polarized light microscopy in tissues of Pyrus malus L. cv. Jonathan were found to contain Ca using the electron microprobe. Crystals insoluble in 20% acetic acid occurred in cells adjacent to the vascular tissues near the pedicel in mature fruit and in dormant flower buds, stems, petioles, shoot apex, roots and callus tissue. Because of deposition of calcium as crystals, calcium supplies to cortical cells of apple fruit may be limited and may result in an increased incidence of internal breakdown due to low Ca levels in those cells.
Abstract
Fruit production of 11-year-old ‘CES #3 Redblush’ grapefruit Citrus paradisi Macf. trees on 13 root-stocks was best on ‘Swingle’ citrumelo (C.P.B. 4475) [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. × C. paradisi], ‘Morton’ and ‘Troyer’ [P. trifoliata × C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck] rootstock. The lowest yielding trees were on ‘Tachibana’ orange C. tachibana (Mak.) Tan. and ‘Succari’ sweet orange C. sinensis rootstock. There was wide variation in the percentage of large-sized fruit (96 and above) over 3 years; trees on ‘Troyer’ and ‘Swingle’ citrumelo (‘C.P.B. 4475’) produced the greatest quantities of large fruit. The fruit of ‘CES #3 Redblush’ was small on ‘Tachibana’ orange, ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin C. reticulata Blanco, and ‘Succari’ sweet orange rootstock. Total soluble solids was highest on ‘Tachibana’ orange, ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin, and ‘Texas’ sour orange C. aurantium L., lowest on ‘Rough’ lemon C. jambhiri Lush, and ‘Troyer’. Acids were high on ‘Tachibana’ orange and ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin rootstocks, low on ‘Rough’ lemon and ‘Christian’ trifoliate orange Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. Trees were larger than average on ‘Rough’ lemon and sweet orange rootstock, smaller on ‘Christian’ trifoliate and ‘Tachibana’ orange. Leaf Mn levels were high on ‘Tachibana’ orange; B levels were relatively low on ‘Swingle’ citrumelo (C.P.B. 4475) and ‘Succari’ sweet orange rootstocks.
Abstract
Intact stem apices of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. cv. ‘Ace’ were prepared for scanning electron microscopy to determine floral initiation and differentiation by viewing topographical changes. The apices, after removal of leaves under running water, were frozen in liquid N2, freeze-dried on carbon discs and coated with carbon prior to viewing. Electron photomicrographs were taken of vegetative, transitional and reproductive apices. This method of tissue preparation permitted microscopic evidence of flower bud initiation and differentiation to be obtained in less than 9 hr after removal of the apex from the plant. The apices retained their in vivo configuration, but as dry, permanent, 3-dimensional mounts. Cell net studies of the apical meristem are possible with this technique. This method of preparation is also adaptable to light microscopy.
Abstract
Four-year-old nucellar ‘CES No. 3 Redblush’ grapefruit trees on 16 rootstocks, including 8 hybrids, growing on a calcareous soil of pH 8.4 differed in tree size and leaf color. Trees on sour orange, ‘Kunenbo’ mandarin and ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin rootstock were considerably larger and their foliage was greener than those of trees on other rootstocks. Trees on ‘Changsha’ mandarin, C61-250 (‘Shekwasha’ mandarin × ‘Koethen’ sweet orange) also were chlorosis-resistant but they were smaller than the trees on the other tolerant rootstocks. Rootstock effects on 10 mineral element levels in the leaves are discussed.