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- Author or Editor: T. van der Zwet x
During 1976-1980, three plant exploration trips were made throughout eastern Europe in search of native Pyrus germplasm. A total of 384 accessions (231 from Yugoslavia, 86 from Romania, 43 from Poland, and 12 each from Hungary and Czechoslovakia) were collected as budwood and propagated at the National Plant Germplasm Quarantine Center in Glenn Dale, Md. Following 8 years of exposure to the fire blight bacterium [Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winsl. et al.], 17.49” of the accessions remained uninfected, 11.2% rated resistant, 6.8% moderately resistant, and 64.6% blighted severely (26% to 100% of tree blighted). Some of the superior accessions have been released for use in the pear breeding program.
`Blake's Pride' has been released jointly by USDA and The Ohio State Univ. as a new fire blight-resistant cultivar. The original seedling tree was selected in 1977 at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center in Wooster by R.C. Blake and T. van der Zwet from a cross of US 446 × US 505, performed in 1965 by H.J. Brooks, and was tested under the original seedling number, OHUS 66131-021. The fruit of `Blake's Pride' is pyriform to round-pyriform in shape, and is moderate in size, averaging ≈2.75″ to 3″ in diameter, and 3.25″ in height. The stem is short, medium in thickness, and upright. Skin undercolor is yellow, the finish is glossy, and 20% to 30% of the fruit surface is covered with a smooth, light tan russet. Harvest maturity occurs about 3 weeks after `Bartlett', and the fruit will store in air storage for at least 3 months without core breakdown or superficial scald. The flesh texture is moderately fine, juicy, and buttery. Grit cells are moderately small and occur primarily around the core and in a thin layer under the skin, similar to `Bartlett'. The flavor is subacid and aromatic. The tree is moderate in vigor on `Bartlett' seedling rootstock, and upright-spreading in habit. Yield has been moderate to moderately high. Fire blight infections are rare, and extend no further than 1-year-old growth. Artificial blossom inoculations indicate a moderate degree of resistance of blossoms to fire blight infection. Resistance of `Blake's Pride' to both shoot and blossom infection is much greater than that of `Bartlett'.
Abstract
During the early 1900s, several plant exploration trips to the Orient were made to collect Pyrus species from Japan, China, Korea, and Manchuria to search for resistance to fire blight [Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winsl. et al.]. Following numerous inoculations in various tree tissues, Reimer (15) reported the four most important species, ranked in descending order of blight resistance, as follows: P. ussuriensis Maxim, P. calleryana Deche, P. betulaefolia Bunge, and P. pyrifolia (Burn.) f. Nak. Pyrus ussuriensis and P. pyrifolia were used in earlier breeding programs and are the parent species of many oriental cultivars. However, their textures and flavors have not been accepted by most Americans. P. calleryana also has been used in the USD A pear breeding program, and selections of the 3rd backcross generation appear useful only for resistance.
Abstract
Pear cultivars, previously rated as moderately to highly resistant to fire blight, were subjected to further natural infection, supplemented by artificial inoculation with Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winsl. et al. in various tissues. Of 49 cultivars evaluated, 69% remained in the same class or one class below their previous rating. There appeared to be very little correlation between the amount of blossom blight and overall degree of blight resistance in cultivars. Pear cultivars were shown to exhibit varying degrees of blight resistance in succulent shoots and woody trunk tissue.
Abstract
Aerial strands of Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winslow et al. the causal organism of fire blight of pear and apple, are a form of ooze produced by infected tissues. Strands contain large num bers of pathogenic bacteria embedded in a matrix. Strands are mainly of two types, smooth or beaded. Smooth strands (Fig. 1A) of about equal diameter throughout their length are formed by a uniform quantity of ooze extruded through natural openings of the epidermis. Upon exposure to air, the ooze solidifies to produce the strand. As more ooze is extruded basipetally, the strand increases in length. Beaded strands (Fig. 1A) areformed by extrusion of the ooze in spurts.
Abstract
Various pear species bloom at different times during the spring. Pyrus calleryana Decaisne is one of the earliest and P. communis L. is one of the latest blooming species. In 1975 there were 34 days between the earliest and latest blooming clones. When species or selections with different bloom times were crossed, two generations were needed to bring the bloom time of the progeny to the bloom time of the later blooming parent. The bloom of any given progeny occurred within only 4 to 5 days. No seedling in a progeny flowered later than the later blooming parent. Discovery of late blooming germplasm is essential for the development of late blooming types of pears.
Fruit production requires extensive use of pesticides to control pest damage and maintain high product quality. Hydrophobic particles alter the leaf surface due to the hydrophobic and reflective nature of the particles and impart characteristics that make the plant surface incompatible, and/or unrecognizable to the pest. Hydrophobic particles were applied to apple and pear in field and greenhouse studies. Specific diseases, insect pests, plant growth, and yield were monitored and evaluated on treated plants in comparison to untreated and chemically treated controls. Powdery mildew in apple and Fabrea leaf spot in pear were controlled by the hydrophobic particles. Aphids, mites, and psylla were controlled in apple and pear. Hydrophobic clays have the potential of cross-protection for several disease and insect pests while imparting beneficial horticultural effects that would increase long-term productivity and sustainability of fruit production systems.
`Potomac' has been released as a new pear cultivar which combines a high level of resistance to fire blight with excellent fruit quality. Selected from a cross of `Moonglow' × `Beurre d'Anjou', it was tested under the seedling number, US 62537-048. Fruit are ovate-pyriform in shape, and average 73mm in diameter. Skin color is light green and the finish is glossy at harvest maturity, which occurs about 2 weeks after `Bartlett'. Flesh texture is moderately fine, buttery, and juicy; grit cells are small and limited to a thin layer under the skin. Flavor is subacid, with mild aroma, and similar in character to `Beurre d'Anjou'. Fruit may be ripened after harvest without cold storage, but `Potomac' is more susceptible to superficial scald than Beurre d'Anjou if stored for more than eight weeks. The tree is moderately vigorous. Yield and precocity are moderate. Fire blight resistance is greater than that of `Seckel', with a high degree of resistance in both shoots and blossoms. The cultivar is recommended for home orchards and limited commercial trial.
Abstract
Natural infections of fire blight following 2 years of epiphytotic conditions caused severe blight damage in the pear cultivar collection at Beltsville, Maryland. Of 522 cultivars rated with the USDA fire blight scoring system, 88% were highly susceptible, 2% were moderately susceptible, 4% were moderately resistant, 5% were highly resistant, and 2% had no blight symptoms. Names of pear cultivars in each resistance class are listed.