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Leaf yellowing of excised Easter lily leaves was significantly delayed by application of gibberellic acids ≥250 mg·liter-1 or benzyladenine ≥50 mg·liter-1. Rapid development of foliar chlorosis following cold storage was delayed significantly by applying 500 mg·liter-1 of GA3 or BA before storage. Poststorage treatments were less effective. Development of chlorosis was associated with rapid loss of fresh weight and was not related to the aperture of the stomates (diffusive resistance). Respiration rates of leaves treated with growth regulators were significantly lower than those of the controls.'
Yellowing of excised Easter lily leaves was significantly delayed by foliar application of gibberellic acids (GA3) ≥ 250 mg·1-1 or benzyladenine (BA) ≥ 50 mg·1-1. Rapid development of foliar chlorosis following cold storage was delayed significantly by applying 500 mg·1-1 of GA3 or BA before storage. Post-storage treatments were less effective. Development of chlorosis was associated with rapid loss of fresh weight and was not related to the aperture of the stomates. Respiration rate of leaves treated with growth regulators were significantly lower than that of the controls. Differences in the rate of carbohydrate depletion may explain the striking effects of growth regulators on the development of foliar chlorosis.
The development of greenhouse leaf yellowing in Easter lilies (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) was significantly reduced by the application of growth regulator solutions containing gibberellins 4 and 7 (GA4+7) or benzyladenine (BA). Solutions containing BA alone significantly reduced leaf yellowing on plants caused by close spacing but were less effective than GA4+7. Application of BA alone, however, was not effective against root rot-induced leaf yellowing. When plants were treated with GA4+7 or BA + GA4+7 around the visible bud stage, nearly all of the leaves remained green until the end of the growing season. These growth regulators, however, increased the final height of the plants by 8–10 cm. The developmental rate and size of the flower buds, as well as the length of the pedicels were not affected by the growth regulator treatments. Thus application of these growth regulators greatly improved the quality of the leaves without compromising the quality and timing of the flowers. Chemical name used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine (benzyladenine, BA).
The development of postharvest leaf yellowing affects the quality of cut Oriental and Asiatic lilies. Without cold storage, lower leaves began to turn yellow ≈1 week after placing them in an interior environment. The development of leaf yellowing continued to progress upward until the vase life was over with >25% of the leaves chlorotic. Cold storage of cut lilies worsened this leaf disorder. The longer the duration of cold storage, the sooner the development of leaf yellowing and the higher the percentage of leaves that were chlorotic. Spraying leaves with a solution containing 25 mg·L-1 each of BA and GA4+7 significantly reduced cold-stored induced leaf yellowing in both Oriental and Asiatic lily. While the growth regulator treatment completely prevented leaf yellowing of cold-stored Asiatic lilies, its effectiveness in Oriental lilies diminished with the duration of cold storage. Timing of the growth regulator application was not critical, as there were no differences in leaf yellowing when the growth regulator solution was sprayed before or after the cold storage. The concentration of the growth regulators was inversely related to the development of leaf yellowing and concentrations <5 mg·L-1 each of BA and GA4+7 were not effective. Alternative means of applying the growth regulators were evaluated, including the addition of the growth regulators to the preservative solution or as a pulsed treatment. Both methods completely prevented leaf yellowing but also induced bud abortion. For practical application, spraying the growth regulator solution on the leaves prior to or after cold storage would significantly improve postharvest quality of the cut lilies.
The marked effects of growth regulators such as GA3 and BA in delaying leaf yellowing on excised leaves of Easter lilies decreased when studies were conducted on intact plants in a simulated interior environment. Solutions containing benzyladenine (BA) delayed the development of leaf yellowing in cold-stored plants, but solutions containing gibberellic acid (GA3) were not effective when applied to plants at the puffy bud stage and evaluated in a 22.6 ± 0.2°C room illuminated 12 h/day with 11.2 ± 0.1 μmol·s–1·m–2 cool-white fluorescent lamp. Treatment with commercial products containing GA4+7 (Provide) or GA4+7 and BA (Promalin) nearly completely prevent the development of leaf yellowing. Concentrations as low as 25 mg·L–1 were effective. The prevention of leaf yellowing by growth regulators was only effective on leaves that had been treated, indicating that mobilization of the growth regulators in the plants did not occur. Growth regulator solutions halted further development of leaf yellowing when applied to plants that already possessed some chlorotic, basal leaves. The striking effects of growth regulators on preventing leaf yellowing did not affect the development and opening of the flower buds and is a practical solution for the prevention of post-production leaf yellowing in Easter lilies.
Postproduction leaf yellowing of Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) can be prevented by using growth regulators. Solutions containing benzyladenine (BA) reduced the percentage of yellow leaves in cold-stored plants, but solutions containing gibberellic acid (GA3) were not effective. Treatment with commercial products containing GA4+7 (Provide) or GA4+7 and BA (Promalin) nearly completely prevented the development of leaf yellowing. Concentrations as low as 25 mg·L-1 were effective. Leaf yellowing was prevented by growth regulators only on leaves that had been treated, indicating that the growth regulators were not mobilized in the plants. Growth regulator solutions halted further development of leaf yellowing when applied to plants that already had some chlorotic basal leaves. This result suggests that growth regulators need not be applied preventively. Treatment can be delayed until chlorotic lower leaves are first seen on plants. The striking effects of growth regulators in preventing leaf yellowing did not affect the development and opening of flower buds.
Postharvest quality of cut Heuchera sanguinea Engelm. `Splendens' and `Bressingham' was significantly improved and vase life significantly increased by pulsing the inflorescences with 4 mm silver thiosulfate (STS) for 4 hours followed by placing the stems in vase solutions containing 0.5% sucrose and 200 mg·L-1 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate. Under these conditions, nearly all of the buds (>92%) on inflorescences harvested with ≈2% to 3% open flowers developed to anthesis, in comparison with 26% to 28% of the controls. Sucrose concentrations higher than 1% were detrimental and resulted in stem toppling. Treatment with 4 mm STS for 4 hours delayed bud and flower abscission, but longer treatment times resulted in blackening and shriveling of the flower buds. With the absence of sucrose in the vase solutions, flower buds on STS-treated inflorescences did not continue to develop. Ethylene is probably involved in the natural senescence of the flower buds, since exogenous ethylene induced rapid flower abscission, and senescence was delayed by treatment with STS.
Sucrose addition to the vase solution improved the postharvest qualities of cut liatris by increasing the length of inflorescences showing color and by prolonging the vase life of the spikes. The main effect of sucrose was on the development and opening of the flower heads with minimal effect on their longevity. Pulsing with concentrations of sucrose ≥10% for 20 hours prolonged the vase life of the spikes. Responses of spikes to the pulsed treatment varied greatly due to the differences in their degree of leafiness, thus limiting its commercial application. A continuous supply of 2.5% or 5% sucrose in the vase solution allowed most of the flower heads on the spikes to develop and doubled the vase life of the spikes.
Effects of the duration of cold storage, as well as the concentrations, timing, and means of application of a growth regulator solution on the postharvest quality of cut Oriental and Asiatic lilies were evaluated. Without cold storage, lower leaves of Oriental lily `Stargazer' began to turn yellow ≈1 week after placing stem in an interior environment. The development of leaf yellowing continued to progress upward until the end of the vase life when there was an average of >25% chlorotic leaves. Cold storage worsened the leaf disorder. The longer the duration of cold storage, the earlier the development of leaf yellowing and the higher the percentage of leaves that were chlorotic. Spraying leaves with a solution containing 25 mg·L-1 each of BA and GA4+7 significantly reduced cold-storage-induced leaf yellowing and bud abortion in both Oriental and Asiatic lily. Concentration of the growth regulator solution was inversely related to the development of leaf yellowing. Timing of the growth regulator application was not critical, as there were no differences in leaf yellowing or bud development when the growth regulator solution was sprayed before or after the cold storage. Addition of the growth regulators to the preservative solution completely prevented leaf yellowing but also induced bud abortion. For practical application, spraying growth regulators prior to or after the cold storage would significantly improve the postharvest quality of cut lilies.
The development of postproduction foliar chlorosis is one of the critical problems that remains unsolved in Easter lily production. Plants at the white puffy stage were sprayed with 500 mg gibberellic acid (GA3)/liter, 500 mg benzyladenine (BA)/liter, 500 mg each GA3 and BA/liter, 500 mg ProGibb (containing 500 mg GA3/liter)/liter, and 1000 mg Promalin (containing 500 mg GA4 + GA7/liter and 500 mg BA/liter)/liter, and a water control. Development of foliar chlorosis was evaluated in a simulated interior environment at a temperature of 22.6 ± 0.2C and illuminated 12 h·d–1 with 11.2 ± 0.1 mmol·m–2·s–1 from cool-white fluorescent lamps. Results demonstrated that GA3, BA, ProGibb, and Promalin are effective in delaying the development of foliar chlorosis of cold-stored plants. Promalin was the most effective. Concentrations of Promalin as low as 50 mg· liter–1 were effective. Treatments had no effect on the development and the longevity of flower buds. This study thus suggests that application of Promalin to Easter lily plants prior to marketing is a viable solution to preventing postproduction development of foliar chlorosis.