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Shoots of the olive cultivar Moraiolo were previously cultured in aseptic conditions on Olive Medium (OM), with the addition of 4 mg·L⁻¹ of zeatin, 30 g·L⁻¹ of sucrose, and 7 g·L⁻¹ of agar. Then, 1-cm long uninodal explants with two leaves and two axillary buds were excised from the proliferated masses and placed on the same proliferation medium enriched with four concentrations of neem oil (0—control, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mL·L⁻¹), added before sterilization. The addition of 0.1 mL·L⁻¹ of neem oil to the medium gave an improvement in shoot regeneration. More vigorous shoots (longer proliferated shoots) were obtained along with a higher number of nodes (multiplication rate). Overall, there was a significant increase in the total fresh and dry proliferated weights. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing a strong and beneficial effect of neem oil, used as a “complex mixture,” on in vitro plant regeneration.

Pear (Pyrus spp.) is a temperate-climate fruit species that has gametophytic self-incompatibility. Cross-pollination among intercompatible cultivars can be useful in selecting for breeding programs. The objective of the present study was to evaluate effective fruiting from cross-pollination between hybrid pear cultivars and to characterize pear tree S-alleles. Seven cultivars were evaluated: Cascatense, Centenária, D’água, Primorosa, Seleta, Tenra, and Triunfo. Controlled crosses were carried out in two seasons and consisted of spontaneous self-pollination, parthenocarpy, and cross-pollination between cultivars. During the 2 years of research, the overlap of the entire flowering periods of all cultivars was higher than 50%. Phenology was evaluated from the beginning of pruning, and the time elapsed from pruning to the flowering phenophase was computed. Finally, the flowering-period overlap of the cultivars was analyzed. S-alleles were characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers specific to previously known alleles. Under field conditions, the Primorosa cultivar has high potential as a pollinizer for D’água, Seleta, Tenra, and Triunfo. Pear tree hybrid cultivars have a high frequency of the S1 and S5 alleles. The S5S8 and S1S4 alleles are amplified in the D’água and Seleta cultivars, respectively, conferring compatibility between these cultivars. The S1 and S5 alleles are amplified in ‘Primorosa’, ‘Cascatense’, and ‘Triunfo’, conferring interincompatibility.

Among the fruit species cultivated in subtropical climates, quince has productive cultivars with high horticultural potential. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the genetic divergence among quince cultivars through multivariate procedures and to identify cultivars for cultivation in the tropics through selection indices. Twenty-seven productive quince cultivars were grown in a location with a high-altitude tropical climate. The number of fruit, estimated yield, flowering period, number of buds, number of shoots, number of brindles per shoot, shoot length, average fruit weight, fruit length, and fruit diameter were measured. A multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) associated with the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA) based on Gower distance and Pearson correlation coefficients was used to evaluate genetic divergence. Superior cultivars were defined by the selection index based on the rank summation index and the Z-index. UPGMA grouping indicated there was genetic variability among cultivars and showed that groups that were more dissimilar [e.g., the cultivars Bereckzy and Champion (distance = 0.69)] had the potential to be used in future stages of quince selection. The estimated yield, shoot length, fruit weight and diameter, and flowering period contributed to the maximum variability among quince cultivars. The selection indices identified cvs. Bereckzy, Alaranjado, and Alongado (30, 68, and 73 rank summation index, respectively) as superior, simultaneously considering the evaluated traits with greater potential for cultivation in the tropics.

Water deficits are considered the primary environmental stress in agriculture, and improving the growth and production of plants under this stress is one of the primary goals of breeding and crop management programs. The apple tree is a plant that is negatively affected by water stress. Plants that develop under a water deficit may develop physiological and anatomical strategies to survive or even produce fruits in these environments. In view of the importance of and lack of studies of the leaf anatomy of apple trees in areas with a water deficit that are intended to support genetic improvement programs for this fruit either to introduce cultivars in regions with water deficits or to select potential progenies for future crosses, the aim of this study was to compare the anatomical characteristics of apple leaves from two distinct environments (water deficit and precipitation) under tropical conditions. Twelve fully expanded leaves were collected from seven apple cultivars (Eva, Rainha, Princesa, Julieta, Imperatriz, Baronesa, and Gala Real), which are planted in the experimental orchard at Universidade Federal de Lavras, during water deficit (September) and precipitation (February) seasons. Sixteen anatomical characteristics were evaluated in addition to the anatomical description of the apple leaves. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 7×2 factorial arrangement. The means were analyzed using the Scott-Knott method for grouping means at the 5% level of error probability. Genetic divergence, cultivar clustering and principal component analyses were also performed based on the anatomical characteristics evaluated during the two seasons. The apple leaves had anatomical characteristics that can favor the production of this fruit tree in areas experiencing water deficits within subtropical regions. According to their anatomical characteristics, there was genetic divergence among the apple cultivars studied here. The cultivars Gala Real, Eva, and Baronesa presented anatomical and morphological characteristics that showed adaptation potential in areas with water deficits.