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Abstract
With 4 weeks of long nights Kalanchoe ‘Deep Scarlet’, ‘Yellow Darling’ and ‘Exotica’ reached maturity by the 10th week from sowing; ‘Melody’ on the 14th week; with 6 weeks of long nights ‘Morning Sun’ on the 10th week, ‘Ramona’ on the 12th week and ‘Red Glow’ >14 weeks. Response time, defined as days from the beginning of long nights to anthesis, was 13 weeks for ‘Hummel's Hybrid’ and ‘Ramona’; 9 for ‘Deep Scarlet’; 10 for ‘Yellow Darling’, ‘Exotica’, and ‘Morning Sun’; 11 for ‘Melody’; and <12 weeks for ‘Red Glow.’
A 2 by 4 factorial design was used to determine the effect of 4 mulches (Plastic cover, hydrophilic polymer, rockwool and none) and 2 irrigation delivery methods (surface and subirrigation) on the mass of water in MM 350 at saturation, container capacity and after irrigation on 4, 5 and 6 inch standard pots. An analysis of covariance was conducted with pot volume as the covariant.
With all treatments SWHC>CCWHC>EWHC. No significant differences resulted for SWHC with any mulch treatment or irrigation delivery method. There was no significant difference in CCWHC if either sub irrigated or surface irrigated for the same mulch. When subirrigated, gel mulch results in significantly more CCWHC than the plastic mulch - subirrigated treatment or the no mulch - surface irrigated - treatment.
Higher EWHC resulted when pots were surface irrigated. No mulch resulted in the lowest mass of water when either surface or sub irrigated. When subirrigated, no significant difference in water mass after irrigation resulted among either the gel, plastic or rockwool mulches.
Excessive electroconductivity measurements have been observed in the surface layer of subirrigated substrates. A hydrophilic gel and rockwool were used as pot mulches in order to reduce the surface layer salt buildup by absorbing the salts and/or reducing evaporation.
Six treatments of `Crimson Fire' and `Victoria' CVI geraniums were grown in 11 cm. pots. Treatments were: Trt 1 - top irrigation, N source 20-10-20; trt 2 - subirrigation, N source 20-10-20; trt 3 - subirrigation, N source in equal portions of 20-10-20 and CRF, gel mulch; trt 4 - subirrigation, N source CRF, gel mulch; trt 5 - subirrigation, N source in equal portions of 20-10-20 and CRF, wool mulch; trt 6 - subirrigation, all N source CRF, wool mulch.
Pots were divided into 3 equal volume portions. Electroconductivity, as a measure of soluble salt (SS) level, was taken. All treatments had increasing SS levels with increasing pot height. Trt 2 had surface layer salt levels significantly higher than trt 1. `Victoria' trts 3,4,5 and 6 surface layers had significantly lower SS levels than trt 1 surface layers. `Crimson Fire' trt 4's surface layer had significantly lower SS levels than the surface layer of trt 1. Trts 4 and 6 bottom layers of both cultivars had significantly lower SS levels than all other treatments.
Recycled subirrigation systems are a possible solution to grower concerns over water use, ground water pollution, and regulations concerning these. The objectives of this experiment were to examine the differences between top- and subirrigated plants, with different fertilizer regimes and with mulches.
Six treatments of `Crimson Fire' and `Victoria' CVI geraniums were grown in 11 cm. pots. Treatments were: top irrigation, 100% N supplied with 20-10-20 soluble fertilizer; subirrigation, 100% N supplied with 20-10-20 soluble fertilizer; subirrigation, N supplied in equal portions of 20-10-20 soluble fertilizer and CRF, gel mulch; subirrigation, N supplied with CRF, gel mulch; subirrigation, N supplied in equal portions of 20-10-20 soluble fertilizer and CRF, wool mulch; subirrigation, all N supplied with CRF, wool mulch.
`Crimson Fire': fresh weight was not significantly different between top- and subirrigation; fresh weight at the same fertilizer level was not significantly different with either a gel or a rockwool mulch; all CRF resulted in the lowest fresh weights. `Victoria': top irrigated fresh weight was significantly higher compared to subirrigated. Gel mulched plants resulted in significantly lower fresh weights than wool mulched plants. All CRF resulted in the lowest fresh weights.