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- Author or Editor: Kenneth E. Conway x
Aerial blight of rosemary (Rosemarinus officinalis) caused by Rhizoctonia solani (AG-4) is a problem in production of rooted cuttings. Two separate studies were conducted on rosemary cuttings during propagation. Four levels of R. solani were mixed into potting medium at the rates of 0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 percent (w/w). Seven treatments were evaluated: Trichoderma harzianum alone, Laetisaria arvalis alone, iprodione (single application, full rate), CGA 173506 (single application, full rate), T. harzianum + iprodione (single application, 1/2x rate), L. arvalis + CGA 173506 (single application, 1/2x rate), and a control. Biocontrol agents were mixed into medium at a rate of 5g/kg medium. Mycelial growth began by day four on the medium surface in the 0.1 and 1.0 R. solani levels. By day six, cuttings showed signs of infection. Disease incidence increased with higher levels of R. solani inoculum. At levels 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0, the L. arvalis plus 1/2x rate one time application CGA 173506 and iprodione alone (full rate one time application) gave the best control of aerial blight in both experiments. In the first experiment, iprodione alone and T. harzianum plus 1/2x rate iprodione gave the most root growth at the 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 R. solani levels. In the second experiment, L. arvalis plus 1/2x rate CGA 173506 gave best root growth. At level 0, treatments were not significantly different in either experiment.
Plants of Euonymus fortunei `Emerald Gaiety', `Emerald 'n Gold' and `Canadale Gold' were sprayed to runoff weekly at two sites with one of three fungicide treatments or water (control) to determine fungicide effectiveness in controlling anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Copper sulfate pentahydrate was applied at 0.4 or 0.6 g·L-1 a.i. or mancozeb was applied at 1.8 g·L-1 a.i.. Plants were rated for disease incidence approximately monthly. No interaction occurred between fungicide and cultivar. Differences among fungicide treatments were not apparent until weeks 18 or 20 depending on the site, when plants treated with mancozeb had lower disease ratings than plants receiving any other treatment. Cultivars differed at almost every rating date at both sites. Poison agar experiments were conducted to determine mycelial inhibition by copper sulfate pentahydrate or mancozeb.
Effect of night temperatures on the severity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. on Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz. rooted cuttings of `Emerald Gaiety', `Canadale Gold', and `Emerald 'n Gold' was investigated. Uniform cuttings were exposed to day temperatures of 35.3 °C and night temperatures of 19.3 °C or 28.6 °C in growth chambers. Plants exposed to a 28.6 °C night temperature had higher disease ratings than those exposed to a 19.3 °C night temperature. `Emerald Gaiety' was damaged least by C. gloeosporioides compared to `Canadale Gold' and `Emerald 'n Gold'. Disease ratings on all cultivars increased linearly over the 6-week experimental period.
Abstract
Six cultivars of broccoli [Brassica oleracea L. (Italica Group)] were grown from transplants in Spring and Fall 1984 at Bixby, Okla. The objectives were to evaluate yield losses due to wirestem (caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn) and/or wind injury, cultivar differences in susceptibility, and fungicide effectiveness. Fungicide treatments included an untreated control and application of iprodione at 1.14 kg·ha−1 as either a drench with the starter fertilizer solution or through sprinkler irrigation (chemigation). Iprodione seemed useful for control of R. solani, although the proportion of injured plants infected by R. solani was significantly reduced only in the fall. However, the fungicide treatments did not increase marketable yields significantly over the control. No significant differences in susceptibility to R. solani were shown among the cultivars. Most injured plants not infected by R. solani apparently sustained wind damage. ‘Excalibur’ was especially susceptible to wind-induced stem breakage. Chemical names used: 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-N-(l-methylethyl)-2,4-dioxo-l-imidazolidinecarboxamide (iprodione).
The effectiveness of shade intensity and time of day in which irrigation was applied were tested for control of anthracnose symptoms caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. on container-grown Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz. `Canadale Gold', `Emerald 'n Gold', and `Emerald Gaiety' during the 2002 and 2003 growing seasons. Rooted cuttings in 3.8 L containers were placed in 0% (full sun), 63%, 73%, or 80% shade at Park Hill, Okla., in 2002 and 2003 and at Stillwater, Okla., in 2002. Overhead irrigation was used to irrigate one-half of the plants in each cultivar and shade treatment in the morning and the other one-half during the afternoon. At both sites, disease damage ratings were inversely related to shade intensity throughout each growing season. Disease incidence was usually lower on afternoon irrigated plants than on morning irrigated plants. `Canadale Gold' typically had the most anthracnose symptoms followed by `Emerald 'n Gold'. `Emerald Gaiety' had the least symptoms regardless of shade intensity or irrigation time.
Field seedling emergence of four african marigold (Tagetes erecta) breeding lines, A-975, E-1236, I-822, and `Orange Lady', was examined using three or four spring sowing dates and either osmotic or solid matrix priming. Delayed sowing decreased emergence time. Sowing from middle to late April [average soil temperatures 77.0 to 84.2 °F (25 to 29 °C)] resulted in the highest total emergence percentages. Greater fl ower quantities [4.9 to 5.1 million/acre (12.11 to 12.60 million/ha)] and estimated yield [7.5 to 10.8 tons/acre (16.81 to 24.20 t·ha-1)] indicate mid to late April is the optimum time period for direct sowing unprimed seed in the southern Great Plains. Differences between lines were evident in emergence parameters and fl ower harvest data for each year examined, but results were inconsistent from year to year. However, A-975 and E-1236 produced harvestable fl owers most quickly, about 15 d before I-822, which could result in an additional harvest during a season. Osmotic priming of E-1236 and I-822 seed shortened emergence time, increased emergence uniformity, and increased total emergence percentage at early sowing dates as compared to both solid matrix primed and unprimed seed.
Canterbury bells (Campanula medium `Champion Blue') seeds were primed using calcined clay at 68 °F (20 °C) for 1, 3, or 5 days at water potentials (Ψ) of -25, -20, -18, or -16 bars (-2.5, -2.0, -1.8, or -1.6 MPa). Germination was fastest (3.0 to 3.1 days) after priming with a Ψ of -18 or -16 bars for 5 days. Seeds primed for 3 or 5 days with moisture present germinated faster than nonprimed seeds, but time to 50% germination (T50) was longer when seeds were primed for 1 day regardless of Ψ compared to nonprimed seed. Germination uniformity decreased (time from 10% to 90% germination, T10-90, increased) as Ψ increased. Although a curvilinear relationship existed between T10-90 and priming duration, T10-90 did not differ between nonprimed seeds and seeds in any priming treatment except those primed for 3 days with 20% moisture (-16 bars). Priming did not affect total germination percentage (97%).
In several experiments, strong negative correlations were found between fruit and leaf N vs. fruit color and fruit N vs. firmness, but a positive correlation existed between fruit Ca vs. firmness in apples. Based on these relationships, several models were developed to predict postharvest quality using preharvest nutrient status. Quantity and timing of N application to produce optimum-quality fruit in `Delicious', `Fuji', and `Gala' apples have also been investigated. High levels of nitrogen adversely affected fruit quality and increased endogenous ethylene and respiration. In separate experiments, the effects of seven post-bloom CaCl2 applications on various postharvest pathogens were studied in four apple cultivars. Calcium applications did not increase fruit Ca sufficiently enough to reduce colonization or maintain firmness after 4 months of 0C storage, but did slightly reduce infection by these pathogens during the growing season.
The effectiveness of chlorothalonil, mancozeb, and trifloxystrobin applied alone or in rotations of two or three fungicides to control anthracnose symptoms caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was evaluated on three cultivars of field- and container-grown wintercreeper euonymus (Euonymus fortunei) during the 2001 growing season. Studies were conducted at Stillwater, Okla.; Fayetteville, Ark.; and Park Hill, Okla. Rooted cuttings of wintercreeper euonymus `Emerald Gaiety', `Emerald 'n Gold', and `Emerald Surprise' were transplanted from 1-gal plastic containers into field soil at the Oklahoma State University Nursery Research Station and at the University of Arkansas Horticulture Farm on 10 May 2001. In a parallel study, recently transplanted rooted cuttings of the same cultivars in 1-gal pots containing substrate consisting of pine bark and sand were placed in a shadehouse under 30% shade at Stillwater and Fayetteville and 73% shade at Park Hill on 11 May 2001. `Emerald Gaiety' had fewer disease symptoms than `Emerald 'n Gold' or `Emerald Surprise' in the field and in containers at Stillwater and Fayetteville. At Fayetteville, mancozeb applied alone or in rotation with chlorothalonil or trifloxystrobin provided better anthracnose control than treatments without mancozeb, but no fungicide eliminated anthracnose symptoms. Application of fungicides in rotations that include mancozeb and use of resistant cultivars can help decrease anthracnose symptoms.
Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] was grown at various highly dense (HD) plant populations for destructive harvest, and compared with control plants grown at spacings of 90 × 23 cm and harvested repeatedly by hand. Our objectives were to identify a HD plant arrangement and an optimum harvest timing to maximize marketable fruit yield per hectare with a single destructive harvest, and to evaluate the potential for regrowth of cut plants followed by one or more subsequent harvests. Within HD treatments, marketable fruit weight per hectare tended to increase as the plant population density increased. Spacings of 30 × 30 cm and wider were not dense enough for the destructive harvest system due to a low marketable yield potential. Wide spacings did favor regrowth of cut plants in two experiments, but total marketable yields were still highest with the highest plant populations tested. Delaying destructive harvest until many overmature fruit were present did not consistently affect marketable fruit yield, but always decreased the proportion (by weight) of marketable fruit to total harvested fruit. Overall, percentages of marketable yield obtained by destructive harvests of plots with HD plant populations were low relative to the cumulative marketable yield from control plots. The lack of concentrated fruit set in okra remains a limiting factor for destructive harvest. However, the labor-saving potential of this system should stimulate further research.