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A method of in vitro plant regeneration for both the selenium-hyperaccumulator Astragalus racemosus ‘Cream Milkvetch’ and the nonaccumulator Astragalus canadensis ‘Canadian Milkvetch’ was developed with two induction media, M1 and M2. The M1 and M2 contain Murashige and Skoog basal medium plus vitamins, 8.07 μm N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea, 2.5% (w·v⁻¹) sucrose, 0.7% (w·v⁻¹) agar (pH 5.7), and 0.89 μm or 3.12 μm a-naphthaleneacetic acid, respectively. In vitro cultures were initiated on these two types of media with three types of explants: cotyledons, hypocotyls, and roots. More than 93% of cultured explants from both species could form calli or calli with shoots. With regard to shoot formation, A. canadensis could produce multiple shoots from all types of explants more efficiently than A. racemosus. The highest shoot induction was approximately three shoots per explant in A. racemosus, whereas A. canadensis could reach ≈10 shoots per explant. M1 could induce more shoots than M2 no matter what type of explant was used, but the overall induction rates were no significant difference. Among the three types of explants used, the cotyledons were the best explants for shoot induction in A. canadensis, whereas hypocotyls were the best in A. racemosus. In A. racemosus, shoots could also be obtained from calli on the rooting medium containing Murashige and Skoog basal plus vitamins, 2.84 μm indole-3 acetic acid, 2.5% (w·v⁻¹) sucrose, and 0.7% (w·v⁻¹) agar (pH 5.7). Approximately 43% of A. canadensis shoots and 19% of A. racemosus shoots could be rooted on the rooting medium.

Combining the use of PCR and single-strand conformation polymorphisms (SSCP), nine sequences from the cucumber genome were successfully identified and cloned that encoded two well-conserved asparagine-proline-alanine (NPA) domain homologues to aquaporin genes. The sensitivity and detection efficiency of SSCP and restriction enzyme analysis for detecting DNA sequence variation were evaluated using similar-sized DNA fragments. The SSCP analysis was more sensitive and efficient for discriminating different clones than restriction enzyme analysis, although some sequence variation inside similar-sized DNA fragments could be identified by restriction analysis. Consideration of the results of SSCP analysis with DNA sequence information indicated that one or two base pair changes in the amplified regions could be detected. Moreover, the SSCP analysis results of genomic DNA PCR products that were amplified by degenerate primers can provide rough information about the number of member genes. If the SSCP bands of a cloned fragment (such as CRB7) did not have the corresponding bands from genomic DNA PCR products, that fragment might be a misamplified product. The PCR-based SSCP method with degenerate oligonucleotide primers should facilitate the cloning of member genes.

This study established a method of regenerating Dracaena surculosa Lindl. ‘Florida Beauty’ through indirect shoot organogenesis. Bud, leaf, and stem explants were cultured on a Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with N₆-(2-isopentyl) adenine (2iP) at 12.3 and 24.6 μM with 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA) at 0, 1.1, and 2.3 μM, respectively, and 2iP at 36.9, 49.2, 61.5, and 73.8 μM with IAA at 1.1 and 2.3 μM, respectively. Calluses were induced from leaf explants but failed to produce adventitious shoots. Calluses were also induced from stem and bud explants cultured on the basal medium containing 12.3 μM 2iP and 2.3 μM IAA, 24.6 μM 2iP or higher with either 1.1 or 2.3 μM IAA. The highest callus induction frequency was 63.2% from stem explants and 69.6% from bud explants when they were cultured on the basal medium supplemented with 49.2 μM 2iP and 2.3 μM IAA. The highest shoot formation frequency was 65.7% from stem-derived callus cultured on the basal medium containing 61.5 μM 2iP and 1.1 μM IAA and 88% from bud-derived callus cultured with 49.2 μM 2iP and 1.1 μM IAA. The highest number of shoots per piece of stem- and bud-derived calluses was 3.8 and 6.7, respectively. Adventitious shoots developed better root systems in the basal medium supplemented with 2.0 μM IAA. Plantlets after transplantation into a soilless substrate grew vigorously in a shaded greenhouse under a maximum photosynthetic photon flux density of 300 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹. Neither disease incidence nor somaclonal variants were observed in the regenerated population. This established method could be used for efficient micropropagation of D. surculosa, and the availability of tissue-cultured liners could reduce the dependency on imported cuttings, which often bring new or invasive pests into the United States.

Aquaporin proteins are part of an ancient family that functions as water transporting facilitators in all organisms. Phylogenetic and physiological analyses have revealed that plant aquaporins consist of two groups: the plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) and the tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs). Using the conserved asparagineproline-alanine (NPA) to NPA motif regions, we studied the evolution of 35 plant aquaporins that included nine of our newly cloned cucumber aquaporins and 26 from the GenBank database. Results indicated that NPA repeated regions were effective for phylogenetically characterizing the plant aquaporin family, and to accurately localize the introns. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 35 plant aquaporins fell into two distinct groups (except for the Arabidopsis gene AtMip)—PIPs and TIPs. The nine cucumber aquaporins belong to the PIP group that were localized further into two different sub-groups. The intron analysis showed that introns of plant aquaporins mainly consist of two types. Eighteen PIPs shared identical intron positions localized in connecting loop C between amino acids 95 and 96. Nine TIPs shared the other identical intron positions localized in connecting loop D between amino acids 44 and 45. Cucumber aquaporins CRB9 and CRB10 (with no intron in the repeated NPA regions) may be the result of intron loss events, while intronless rice (Orzya sativa) Os-TIP1 and Os-TIP2 may have resulted from other intron loss events. PIP11 and Os-PIP do not have the same amino acid number as major PIP members, but combined phylogenetic analysis results along with intron positions and phases showed that they belong to the PIP group. The phylogenetic tree and intron position information suggest that AtMip was mis-annotated as a member of aquaporin, and is a homologue of the glycerol facilitator-like protein. Introns share identical positions and phases within the PIP group (except PIP13) or the TIP group, but differ between the plasma and the tonoplast membrane aquaporins matching the phylogenetic analysis results. Intron positions of the repeated NPA regions of plant aquaporins that have stable inheritance can act as molecular markers for phylogenetic studies.