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- Author or Editor: James R. Steadman x
Field reaction of 25 red mottled bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes to common bacterial blight [Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (Smith) Dye] was evaluated in Puerto Rico over 2 years. The average disease severity (percent leaf area with symptoms) was similar over years. The determinate red mottled genotypes had almost twice as much disease as indeterminate genotypes. Eight of the indeterminate genotypes had significantly less disease than the mean of the field experiments. These genotypes may serve as useful sources of resistance to common bacterial blight. The size of the chlorotic zone around necrotic lesions varied between growing seasons, showing that environment can influence the expression of common bacterial blight symptoms.
Bean rust, caused by Uromyces appendiculatus, is an important disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The objective was to identify RAPD markers linked to the gene (Ur-6) for specific resistance to rust race 51 using bulked segregant analysis in an F2 segregating population from the common bean cross pinto `Olathe' (resistant to rust) × great northern Nebraska #1 selection 27 (susceptible to rust). A single dominant gene controlling specific resistance to race 51 was hypothesized based on F2 segregation, and then was confirmed in the F3 generation. A good fit to a 3:1 ratio for band presence to band absence for each of three markers was observed in 100 F2 plants. Three RAPD markers were detected in a coupling phase linkage with the Ur-6 gene. Coupling-phase RAPD marker OAB14.600 was the most closely linked to the Ur-6 gene at a distance of 3.5 cM among these markers. No RAPD markers were identified in a repulsion phase linkage with the Ur-6 gene. The RAPD markers linked to the gene for specific rust resistance of Middle American origin detected here, along with other independent rust resistance genes from other germplasm, could be utilized to pyramid multiple genes into a bean cultivar for more durable rust resistance.
The toxic bait, Adios, was tested with the use of a trap crop in a field experiment at the Univ. of Nebraska during Summer 1998. The insecticide contains the secondary plant metabolites known as cucurbitacins that are highly attractive to the striped and spotted cucumber beetles, Acalymma vittatum and Diabrotica undecimuncata howardi, respectively. These beetles serve as the vector of the bacterial pathogen, Erwinia tracheiphila, which causes severe wilting and eventual death of susceptible cucurbits. The objective of the study was to determine whether treatments of Adios, when applied to a flowering trap crop of resistant squash plants, would lure the cucumber beetles away from the susceptible cucumber plants and reduce bacterial wilt. The study compared the effectiveness of a sprayed trap crop, the direct application of Adios to the cucumber plants and no treatment in a randomized complete-block design. A greater number of beetles were attracted to the sprayed and untreated cucumbers compared to the cucumbers surrounded by the treated trap plants. However, significant numbers of dead beetles were found near the sprayed cucumber plants. Untreated plants showed more feeding damage, diminished fruit quality, and an earlier observation date of wilt symptoms as compared to the other treatments. The treated trap plants and the direct application of Adios were effective in delaying infection in cucumbers compared to the untreated plants in the experimental plots. This treatment may be useful to home gardeners.
Bean rust, caused by Uromyces appendiculatus, is a major disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). The objective was to identify RAPD markers linked to the gene (Ur-7) for specific resistance to rust race 59 using bulked segregant analysis in an F2 segregating population from the common bean cross GN1140 (resistant to rust) × Nebraska #1 (susceptible to rust). A single dominant gene controlling specific resistance to race 59 was found in the F2 and was confirmed in the F3. Seven RAPD markers were detected in a coupling-phase linkage with the Ur-7 gene. Coupling-phase RAPD markers OAA11.500, OAD12.550, and OAF17.900 with no recombination to the Ur-7 gene were found. Three RAPD markers were identified in a repulsion-phase linkage with the Ur-7 gene among the three markers at a distance of 8.2 cM. This is the first report on RAPD markers linked to the Ur-7 gene in common bean. The RAPD markers linked to the gene for specific rust resistance of Middle American origin detected here, along with other independent rust resistance genes from other germplasm, could be used to pyramid multiple genes into a bean cultivar for more-durable rust resistance.
Sixteen Alubia lines (15 with long, straight hairs and one with short, hooked hairs on trifoliolate leaves) derived from single-plant selections made in an Alubia landrace (Argentine) were used to evaluate the relation of abaxial leaf pubescence to reaction to rust in a greenhouse experiment. The pinto cultivar UI-114 (short, hooked hairs) was used as a susceptible check. One plant per pot, replicated six times, in a randomized complete-block design was used. The primary leaves and the sixth trifoliolates of all plants from 12- and 50-day-old plants, respectively, were inoculated with a water suspension of urediniospores (105 cells/ml) of rust isolate US-NP85-10-1. Pustule size and rust intensity were assessed 14 days later. No rust pustules were observed on the sixth trifoliolate leaves of the pubescent (long, straight hairs) Alubia lines, but large pustules were observed on the primary leaves (short, hooked hairs) of all Alubia lines and pinto `UI-114'. as well as on the sixth trifoliolate leaf of A-07-2 and pinto `UI-144' (the latter two with short, hooked hairs).
Abstract
Increasing the amount of artificial support with wire fencing placed under the canopy of furrow-irrigated ‘Great Northern Valley’ dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) significantly decreased severity of white mold [Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) deBary] and increased seed yield.
Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production is limited by bean rust [Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Unger var. appendiculatus]. An effective control strategy for this disease is to breed cultivars with durable resistance. Information on the inheritance, genetic relationships, and mapping of genes with molecular markers for specific resistance (SR), adult plant resistance (APR), and abaxial leaf pubescence (ALP) is needed to pyramid the desired genes for durable resistance. ALP was found to be associated previously with APR in Andean germplasm. The objective here was to identify and map RAPD markers for the genes controlling SR, APR, and ALP and to examine their relationships. Five rust pathotypes were inoculated on the unifoliate leaves of 68 recombinant inbred (RI) lines derived from `PC-50' (presence of SR, APR, and ALP) × XAN-159 (absence of SR, APR, and ALP). SR was determined by a single major gene (Ur-9) to the five rust pathotypes with no detection of recombinants. The fourth trifoliolate leaves were inoculated with one pathotype (A88T1-4b). A single major gene Ur-12 controlled APR to that pathotype. The Ur-9 gene (SR) was independent of and epistatic to the Ur-12 gene (APR). Because of the low number of APR lines in the RI population resulting from the elimination of RI lines with SR, an F2 population was developed from a cross of two homozygous RI lines selected for unifoliate susceptibility to pathotype A88T1-4b and for resistance and susceptibility of the fourth trifoliolate leaves to tag RAPD markers linked to the Ur-12 gene (APR). The single major gene Pu-a determinated ALP and was not linked to Ur-9 (SR) and Ur-12 (ALP). The gene Ur-9 (SR) was linked to RAPD marker J13-1100 at 5 cM and was not assigned to any linkage group or other markers. The gene Pu-a (ALP) was mapped at 20.2 cM from 116.500 and 3.9 cM from marker G3.1150 in linkage group 3. The Ur-12 gene (APR) was mapped at 34.6 cM from marker O13.1350 in linkage group 4b. This is the first report of mapping a gene for APR in common bean.
Genetic variation for abaxial leaf pubescence was detected among dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars/lines. Inheritance of pubescence (long, straight hairs) was studied in the dry bean crosses of pubescent `Pompadour Checa-50' (Dominican Republic) × eight glabrous cultivars/lines. Segregation for pubescence vs. glabrousness indicated that pubescence was determined by a single major gene or by duplicate recessive epistatic genes, depending on the cross involved. Trichome density (number trichomes per mm) was a quantitative trait. Thus, pubescence was a discrete trait, but trichome density ranged from low to high.
The objective was to detect molecular markers associated with QTL for partial physiological resistance (PPR) to two white mold (WM) isolates, partial field resistance (PFR), plant architecture (PA), and plant height (PH) in a genetic linkage map constructed using recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the cross `PC-50' (resistant to WM) × XAN-159 (susceptible to WM). Significant correlations (+0.39 and +0.47) were noted between the WM reactions in the greenhouse and field. A significant but negative correlation (–0.33) was observed between the WM reaction and PH in the field. Six QTL affecting PPR to isolate 152 were found on LGs 4, 5, 7, and 8. Six QTL affecting PPR to isolate 279 were found on LGs 2, 3, 4, 7, and 8. Five QTL for PFR were observed on LGs 2, 5, 7, 8, and 11. Two QTL affecting PA were detected on LGs 7 and 8. Two QTL affecting PH were identified on LGs 7 and 8. On one end of LG 8 marker H19.1250 was significant for PPR to both isolates. On the other end of LG 8 the region closely linked to the C locus was significantly associated with PPR to both isolates, PFR, PA and PH. Marker J09.950 on LG 7 was significantly associated with PPR to both isolates, PFR, PH and seed weight. Marker J01.2000 on LG 2 was the most significant locus for both PPR to the isolate 279 and PFR. QTL on LG 5 were found for PPR to the isolate 152 and PFR. Overall, four of the five QTL affecting PFR were also found for PPR to one or both isolates.
Common bacterial blight, incited by Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (Xcp), is a serious disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). RAPD markers and flower color (V gene) previously had been reported to be associated with six QTL affecting leaf and pod resistance to Xcp. However, the markers for the QTL were not confirmed in different populations and environments to indicate their merit in breeding. Our objective was to determine if the associations of RAPD markers and the V gene with QTL for leaf and pod resistance to Xcp in a RI backcross population from the cross BC2F6 `PC-50' × XAN-159 and for leaf resistance to Xcp in a F2 population from a different cross Pinto `Chase' × XAN-159 could be confirmed. Among six QTL previously detected, five in the RI backcross population and three in the F2 population were confirmed to be associated with resistance to Xcp. The V gene and RAPD marker BC437.1050 on linkage group 5 were most consistently associated with leaf and pod resistance to two to five XCP strains in the RI backcross population and with leaf resistance to two Xcp strains in the F2 population. The confirmed marker BC437.1050 and V gene on linkage group 5, along with other resistance genes from other germplasm, could be used to pyramid the different genes into a bean cultivar to enhance the resistance to Xcp.