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A stem grafting technique was used to determine the contribution of root and shoot tissues of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to the resistance response to the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White, 1919) Chitwood 1949. Stemgrafts were prepared between resistant (line A 211 or cultivar Nemasnap) and susceptible (Canario Divex) bean cultivars in all possible scion-rootstock combinations. Graft combinations in which the rootstock was resistant resulted in a resistant response to M. incognita, and those combinations in which the rootstock was susceptible resulted in a susceptible response, regardless of scion component. Resistance factors were therefore either localized within roots or not translocated basipetally through the stem graft union.
Many potential students, because of distance from the university campus and/or job requirements, cannot take traditional courses on-campus. This group of learners is “place-bound”—a group of learners who may be employed full-time, most likely married with job responsibilities and/or other situations demanding most of their attention. The Horticultural Science Department and Graduate School at N.C. State University are addressing place-bound limitations in several ways, including the creation and offering of a Graduate Certificate Program in Horticultural Science via distance education (DE). By using DE, high demand, low-seat-available classes can offer additional enrollment for credit. Second, courses can be offered asynchronously or with alternative delivery methods. Also, courses offered collaboratively among institutions can generate a level of interest and enthusiasm that may not exist for “home-grown” courses. Such efforts as these promise to help meet continuing education demands of “non-traditional” students. These include Cooperative Extension's more than 120 Horticultural Crops Extension Agents (“field faculty”) and over 300 other field faculty whose interests include horticultural topics.