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The influence of six rootstock on growth, yield, fruit quality, and leaf mineral nutrient concentration of `Fairchild' mandarin [`Clementine' mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) × `Orlando' tangelo (C. paradisi Macf. × C. reticulata)] is reported for the arid climate of southwestern Arizona. Trees on macrophylla (Alemow) (C. macrophylla Wester) were precocious and produced high yield 4 years after planting. Six-year cumulative yields of trees on Volkamer lemon (C. limon Burro f.), Carrizo citrange [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], Taiwanica (C. taiwanica Tan. & shin.), and rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush.) were similar and higher than those of trees on macrophylla and Batangas mandarin (C. reticulata). `Fairchild' mandarin tree canopies were large with Volkamer lemon and Taiwanica; intermediate with Carrizo citrange, rough lemon, and Batangas mandarin; and small with macrophylla rootstock. Fruit from trees on Carrizo citrange had the highest soluble solids concentration (SSC), while those on Volkamer lemon and rough lemon had the lowest SSC and total acids. `Fairchild' trees on macrophylla had higher levels of leaf N, Mn, and Fe but lower Ca, while trees on Batangas mandarin and Carrizo citrange had higher leaf K than those on the other rootstock. Trees on Volkamer lemon had higher leaf Zn than those on Carrizo citrange, Taiwanica, rough lemon, and Batangas mandarin rootstock. Considering yield, growth, fruit quality, and/or leaf nutrient concentration, Volkamer lemon, Carrizo citrange, Taiwanica, and rough lemon are suitable for `Fairchild' mandarin in the arid regions of southwestern Arizona. Trees on macrophylla could be advantageous for short-term planting, but would not be satisfactory for long-term planting because of gradual decline in growth and yields. Batangas mandarin is not recommended for `Fairchild' mandarin due to poor production.
Tree growth, yield, and fruit quality of eight lemon cultivars [Citrus limon (L.) Burro. f.] on macrophylla (Alemow) (C. macrophylla Wester) rootstock were compared when grown in sandy soil in the arid climate of south-western Arizona. `Foothill Lisbon' had higher cumulative yield and titratable acids than `Monroe Lisbon', `Prior Lisbon', `Eureka', and `Villafranca', and had larger fruit than other `Lisbon' cultivars. `Prior Lisbon' produced a larger tree canopy with lower yield efficiency than all other cultivars and did not show any decline due to sieve tube necrosis 12 years after planting. Overall, `Eureka' cultivars and `Villafranca' had lower relative cumulative yields, canopy volumes, total soluble solids content, titratable acids, and seed content, but higher tree decline than `Lisbon' cultivars. Overall, `Foothill Lisbon', in spite of carrying exocortis viroid, produced good yields and fruit quality and `Prior Lisbon' had a satisfactory growth-performance.
The influence, of 10 rootstocks on growth, yield, and fruit quality of `Orlando' tangelo (Citrus paradisi Macf. × C. reticulata Blanco) was studied for 7 years under the arid climate of southwestern Arizona. Trees on macrophylla (Alemow) (C. macrophylla Wester) were the most precocious and produced the highest yields 4 years after planting. Seven-year cumulative yields of trees on Carrizo citrange [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], Yuma citrange (P. trifoliata × C. sinensis), Volkamer lemon (C. limon Burm f.), rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush), Taiwanica (C. taiwanica), and macrophylla were similar and higher than those on Savage citrange (P. trifofiata × C. sinensis), Batangas mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco), Ichang pummelo (C. ichangensis hyb.), and Palestine sweet lime (C. limettoides Tan.). Trees on Carrizo citrange had relatively large tree canopies and larger fruit, and fruit from trees on Volkamer lemon and rough lemon was lower in total soluble solids concentration (TSS) and total acids (TA) than fruit from trees on other rootstocks. Fruit from trees on Savage citrange was smallest but had the highest TSS. Considering yield, growth, and/or various quality factors, Volkamer lemon, rough lemon, Yuma citrange, and particularly Carrizo citrange, are suitable for `Orlando' tangelo in the arid regions of the southwestern United States. Trees on macrophylla, Savage citrange, and Ichang pummelo had small canopies and were least productive. `Orlando' tangelo trees on Savage citrange and Ichang pummelo rootstocks, however, might be good choices at a spacing closer than 7 × 7 m because of their high fruit TSS and fruit size, respectively. Trees on Palestine sweet lime declined and had low yields, and those on Batangas mandarin had low yields and poor fruit quality. These rootstocks are not recommended for `Orlando' tangelo under conditions similar to those of this experiment.
Abstract
‘Orlando’ tangelo trees on a number of different rootstocks yielded an average of 49% more fruit when the trees were caged with honey bees than when bees were excluded in a 2-year study at Yuma, Arizona. Trees caged with both bees and a ‘Fairchild’ tangerine tree averaged 63% more than trees caged to exclude bees, while uncaged trees interplanted with ‘Fairchild’ tangerines and exposed to a moderately high bee visitation yielded 73% more fruit.
Abstract
Effects of 12 rootstocks on yield and quality of ‘Redblush’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) were measured under the arid climate of southwestern Arizona. Trees on ‘Palestine’ sweet lime (C. aurantifolia L.) and ‘Volkamer’ lemon (C. limon Burm. f.) produced high cumulative yield, but small fruit. Trees on macrophylla (Alemow) (C. macrophylla) produced higher yields 5 years after planting, and had significantly higher mean yield efficiency than trees on other rootstocks; trees on ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco.) and ‘Taiwanica’ (C. taiwanica) had a relatively lower production 9 years after planting. Fruit of trees on ‘Carrizo’ and ‘Troyer’ citranges [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. × C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck] were largest. Trees on ‘Savage’ citrange (P. trifoliata × C. sinensis) had lowest yield, thinnest peel, and highest levels of total soluble solids content and soluble solids : acid ratio. Fruit of trees on ‘Swingle’ citrumelo or C.P.B. 4475 (C. paradisi × P. trifoliata) rootstock consistently had higher percentage acid than those on other rootstocks. Considering yield and/or various quality factors, ‘Volkamer’ lemon, rough lemon (C. limon Burm. f.), ‘Palestine’ sweet lime, ‘Oklawaha’ sour orange (C. aurantium L.) and, particularly, ‘Carrizo’ citrange, are suitable for ‘Redblush’ grapefruit in the arid regions of the southwestern United States. ‘Savage’ citrange, ‘Ichang’ pummelo (C. ichangensis hyb.), and ‘Swingle’ were poor-yielding rootstocks for ‘Redblush’ grapefruit and are thus undesirable for planting under the standard spacing (7 × 7 m) of this experiment. ‘Savage’ and ‘Swingle’ might be good choices at higher densities because they increased yield efficiency and quality.