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- Author or Editor: Claudinei Andreoli x
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) seeds germinated poorly at 25C in the presence of gibberellin (GA4+7) or following matriconditioning at 25C for 4 days. However, a combined treatment of matriconditioning and GA4+7 for 4 days synergistically promoted germination and seedling emergence. Drying the seeds after conditioning reduced the percentage of seedling emergence in the combined treatment involving 400 μm GA4+7 only. Combining matriconditioning with 100 or 200 μm GA4+7could effectively reduce germination time and improve seedling emergence and is recommended as a standard procedure for testing papaya seed germination.
Dormancy was induced in nondormant (germinate readily in light or darkness) seeds of several lettuce cultivars (Mesa 659, Emperor, Empress, Montello, Ithaca) by soaking in the dark in 5-100μM tetcyclacis (TCY) for 24h at 25°C as the seeds failed to germinate in the dark upon removal of TCY by washing. Higher concentrations of TCY was needed to induce dormancy in the light Paclobutrazol (PP 333) was relatively less effective. No dormancy was induced in nondormant lettuce seeds soaked for 24h in 100μM ABA as the seeds germinated readily in the dark upon removal of the inhibitor by washing. Thus, contrary to popular belief ABA does not appear to be a dormancy factor. Dormancy induced by TCY was released by soaking seeds in petri plates in water at 25°C in the light, in the presence of 0.001-1mM GA4+7, or by moist-chilling for 4-15d at 5°C. Dormancy was also released when dried dormant (dormancy induced by TCY) Mesa 659 or Emperor lettuce seeds were planted in a moist peat-lite mix in plastic containers and kept moist for 30d at 5°C, as indicated by emergence of normal, healthy seedlings upon transfer of the containers to 25°C. The significance of TCY induced dormancy in altering planting strategy in field plantings of lettuce and other crops will be discussed.
The level of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) was 0.55 nmol.g-1 in dry lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv. Emperor) seeds. After 4h soak at 25°, 35° and 35°C+ KIN (kinetin, 50μM), the levels were 0, 0.2 and 1.14 nmol.g-1 seeds, respectively. The level of ACC was higher at 35°+KIN than at 35°C for up to 16h soak. No ACC was detectable at 25°C during 2 to 16h soak. In the presence of 50μM ABA, ACC level decreased to 0.2 nmol.g-1 at 4h soak and to zero level during 8 to 16h soak. The level of l-(malonylamino) cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (MACC), in dry seeds was 14 nmol.g-1. Exposure to 35°C in the presence or absence of KIN increased the level to 40-42 nmol.g-1 within 2h soaking, while at 25° only a slight increase (23 nmol.g-1) occurred. As in the case of ACC, the level of MACC was higher at 35°C+ KIN than at 35° or 25° for up to 16h soak.When seeds were soaked in ABA, the pattern of MACC produced was similar to that produced at 35°C. The results indicate that ACC synthase activity is enhanced by the addition of KIN at 35°C resulting in increased synthesis and/or accumulation of ACC and MACC. The relationship of ethylene biosynthesis to changes during stress imposition and alleviation by various factors will be discussed.
Seeds of six pepper (Capsicum Anuum L.) cultivars were treated with tetcyclacis (TCY), an inhibitor of the oxidative steps from ent-kaurene to ent -kaurenoic acid in the gibberellin biosynthetic pathway. Seeds were soaked in TCY solutions for 24h in darkness at 25° to 30°C, washed with water and then air-dried. Various concentrations of TCY were needed to induce dormancy in `Yolo Wonder', `Cayenne', `California Wonder', `Sweet Banana', `El Paso' and `Anaheim'. TCY-treated seeds were germinated in water and in various concentrations of GA4+7 in darkness. Dormancy induced by TCY was released with 10 μM GA4+7. The germination inhibitor, abscisic acid (ABA), failed to induce dormancy in pepper seeds even when treated at a concentration of 400 μM for up to 14 d. Similar results were obtained with tomato seeds and will be reported elsewhere. The results indicate that the absence or the unavailability of GA rather than the presence of ABA determines the dormant state in pepper seeds.