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Five cultivars of greenhouse snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) were grown in media containing 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% coal bottom ash (CBA). Stem length of 'Winter Yellow' was reduced at 100% CBA. Spike length, number of open florets, and number of buds were reduced at 25% CBA for 'Maryland White and Yellow Bicolor'; at 50% CBA for 'Monaco White', 'Winter Yellow' and 'Maryland Plumblossom'; and at 75% CBA for 'Maryland Red'. Fresh weight was reduced at 25% CBA for 'Maryland Red' and 'Maryland White and Yellow Bicolor'; and at 50% CBA for 'Maryland White', 'Winter Yellow', and 'Maryland Plumblossom'. Number of days to harvest was increased for all cultivars at 100% CBA. L*, a*, b* color values were not affected by CBA level. Performance of all cultivars in 0% to 75% CBA fell within height and flower per spike grade standards for snapdragons, while weight per spike was within grade standards in 0% to 50% CBA. 'Apricot Floral Showers' snapdragons grown in 10-cm pots were reduced in flower bud number, height, and plant diameter at 50% to 100% CBA.
Abstract
The Aspergillus flavus group was associated with both sound and insect damaged kernels of almond Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb during 1972 and 1973. About 1 of 2,000 sound kernels and 1 of 200 insect damaged kernels were colonized. Surface contamination was common on sound and damaged kernels. In orchard plots, spores inoculated on the fruit colonized hulls, shells, and kernels of maturing almonds. Aflatoxins were detected in harvested kernels and hulls. Almond fruits were susceptible to colonization from the time of hull-split, when rapid drying of the fruit began, until after harvest when moisture of the kernel dropped below about 5% based on the fresh weight of the kernel. Infestations by the navel orangeworm, Paramyelois transitella (Walker), increased colonization of the kernels by A. flavus from experimental plots.