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Of 467 accessions of Capsicum pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) tested for resistance to gray leaf spot, KC321, KC220, KC208, KC47 (PI244670), KC43 (PI244670), KC380, and KC319 were highly resistant to both Stemphylium solani and S. lycopersici, the causal agents of gray leaf spot.
Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is sporadically causing damage to pepper in Korea. We put efforts in analyzing the genetics of resistance to bacterial wilt and in subsequent breeding for resistance by selection. Two Korean cultivars, Subi and Chilsung, were crossed with a resistant source, MC-4, which was kindly provided by Lopes in Brazil. In addition, four breeding lines bred for resistance to Phytophthora blight were crossed with another resistance source, PBC631, which we received from AVRDC. F2 and backcross populations of the crosses were developed and tested by inoculation by dipping the roots of the seedlings before transplanting 25 days after seeding. Segregation in the F2 and backcross populations did not fit any mode of simple Mendelian inheritance, but appeared inheriting in a quantitative mode with relatively low heritability. Selection was practiced in the subsequent F3, BC1F2, F4, and BC1F3 generations and a few resistant selections were obtained.
Abstract
Filbert (Corylus avellana L.) pollen germination on sucrose-agar media with B and/or Ca, Mg, and K, was affected adversely by increasing pH. Cultivar differences in germination of pollen were apparent: ‘Tombul’ and ‘Ennis’ germinated well; ‘Hall’s Giant’ intermediate; whereas ‘Barcelona’ and ‘Butler’ showed a poor germination percentage. Germination decreased as temperature increased from 15° to 30°C. Among concentration ranges of the sugars tested at 10% to 25%, sucrose was most effective, glucose permitted good germination at lower concentrations, and fructose inhibited germination.
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of two plant growth regulators (PGR) and two soil moisture levels (SML) on the evapotranspiration (ET) rate, leaf extension rate (LER), and visual turfgrass quality of `Texas Common' St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] grown under glasshouse conditions in black plastic minilysimeters. Treatments included mefluidide at 0.42 kg·ha-1, flurprimidol at 0.84 kg·ha-1, and no PGR, each grown under optimal (– 0.01 MPa) or suboptimal (– 0.8 MPa) SML. Both flurprimidol and mefluidide significantly affected ET rate, LER, and turfgrass quality, whereas the durations of the responses to both PGR treatments were affected by SML. For both SML, the durations of significant reduction in ET rate, LER, and turfgrass quality were longer for flurprimidol than for mefluidide. Application of either PGR at either SML caused a significant reduction in ET rate averaging 18% and a significant reduction in LER averaging 83%. Flurprimidol was more effective than metluidide in terms of ET rate and LER reduction. However, the considerably longer duration of reduced turfgrass quality of flurprimidol-treated turf was a negative effect. Chemical names used: α-(1 -methylethyl)- α -[4-trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-5-pyrimidinemethanol (flurprimidol) and N- [2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluoromethyl) sulfonyl]amino]phenyI] acetamide (mefluidide).
The development of genetic transformation systems has led to remarkable progress in the area of plant molecular biology. This has included the introduction of useful traits, such as resistance to viruses, herbicides, and insects. Transformed plant cells can be selected, using chimeric genes that confer resistance to toxic drugs, such as kanamycin, hygromycin, streptomycin, gentamycin, and bleomycin. Expression of these chimeric genes in the transformed cells confers the ability to survive and proliferate on the selective medium, while non-transformed cells die. In this study, we report a simple and efficient system to regenerate Chinese cabbage plants and study of the effects of plant growth regulators, AgNO3, initial dark treatment, various antibiotics, and herbicide on shoot induction from hypocotyl or cotyledon of Chinese cabbage. Shoots were induced at various combinations of naphtalene acetic acid (NAA) and benzyladenine (BA) levels. The best combination of plant growth regulators was 2.0 mg/L NAA and 1.0 mg/L BA for cotyledon, and 1.0 mg/L NAA and 5.0 mg/L BA for hypocotyl. The experiment investigating the effect of AgNO3 demonstrated that 16.7 mg/L AgNO3 was effective for inducing shoot regeneration from both of explants. Three to five days of initial dark treatments had significant effects for increasing the number of regenerated shoots; however, different growth regulator combinations showed various responses to duration of dark treatments. The effects of kanamycin, hygromycin, cefatoxime, carbenicillin and phosphinothricin (PPT) on shoot induction from cotyledon and hypocotyl were tested. Shoot induction was completely inhibited by kanamycin at 10 mg/L, hygromycin at 5 mg/L, PPT at 5 mg/L or higher, but not by carbenicillin and cefatoxime.
Abstract
Stem sections of 31 filbert genotypes were collected, artificially frozen, and evaluated by visual browning of cambium and other tissues to determine cold hardiness during 5 sample dates in 1984 and 1985. Corylus heterophylla Fish. ex. Trau. was the most cold-hardy filbert tested, but it deacclimated sharply before the end of February. The tested filberts were divided into 3 temporal groups of acclimation to maximum cold hardiness—early, midwinter, and late. C. avellana L. ‘Butler’, ‘Tombul’, ‘Barcelona’, ‘Ennis’, and ‘Casina’ acclimated early; ‘Gasaway’, acclimated in midwinter season; ‘Daviana’ and ‘Hall’s Giant’ acclimated late. The genotypes tested also were separated into very hardy, hardy, and least hardy groups for cortex-cambium, pistillate bud, and staminate bud tissues. The general order of tissue hardiness from least to most was pith, xylem, cambium, and cortex. Vegetative buds in midwinter were as hardy or hardier than the cambium. Staminate flowers were hardier than pistillate in October, but most pistillate flowers were hardier than staminate by January. Several filberts had fully blooming pistillate flowers that were uninjured at −30°C in December and −40° in January. Filbert flower buds demonstrated maximum cold hardiness during nondormancy.
Three Korean cultivars, Pungkak, Kalmi, and Subi, were crossed with PI 201234, which has resistance to P. capsici. A backcross breeding program was initiated to incorporate the Phytophthora resistance into the Korean cultivars, but the level of resistance decreased as the backcross round increased. Highly resistant plants occurred frequently in the BC1F2 populations but were rare in the BC2F1 populations. Resistant plants selected in BC1F3 populations had nearly enough recovery of the growth and fruit characteristics of the Korean recurrent parents. Crosses were made between resistant selections in each BC1F2 population. The F1 hybrids showed a considerably increased level of resistance.
During postharvest storage, apple [Malus pumila P. Mill.] fruit softens and its texture changes noticeably, with adverse effects on fruit quality. These changes are a result of degradation of the cell wall and middle lamella. Enzymes that cause changes in the cell walls have been characterized, but temporal distribution of their activities and their molecular regulation during storage is not well understood. ‘Honeycrisp’ fruit does not soften significantly during storage in contrast to fruit from ‘Macoun’, which softens significantly during storage. Contrasting phenotypes of ‘Honeycrisp’ and ‘Macoun’ were analyzed for changes in transcript levels of four cell-wall–modifying genes in fresh and 3-month-stored fruit from both cultivars. A suppression-subtractive hybridization experiment identified 15 cDNAs differentially expressed in fresh or 3-month-stored ‘Macoun’ fruit. Transcript levels of these 15 cDNAs were further quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in fresh and 3-month-stored fruit from both ‘Macoun’ and ‘Honeycrisp’. The combination of a late increase in MdEXPA2 and decreased levels of MdPG and MdAFase1 transcript levels in ‘Honeycrisp’ fruit during storage may lead to its nonsoftening phenotype. Three cDNAs, potentially important for postharvest changes in apple fruit were also identified based on their different expression patterns in fresh and 3-month-stored ‘Macoun’ and ‘Honeycrisp’ fruit.
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were transformed using microparticle bombardment with two different genes, alpha-glucuronidase (GUS) gene and Chinese cabbage Glutathione Reductase (GR) gene. The adventitious shoots of cotyledonary explant from 4-day-old seedlings were formed (46.7%) in MS basal media supplemented with 5.0 μm IAA and 1.0 μm 2ip. When 1100 psi helium pressure, 9 target distance, and coating with tungsten 10 microparticles were used and explants were treated with osmoticum-conditioning medium (0.6M sorbitol/mannitol), 4 h prior to and 16 h after bombardment, it was identified by GUS assay that these conditions were the most efficient for transformation of foreign genes into cotyledon tissue of lettuce with particle bombardment. PCR confirmed that the band observed in the transgenic plants were originated from T-DNA tranfer with strong hybridization. The genomic Southern analysis showed that the 1.5-kbp fragment was hybridized with radiolabeled 1.5-kbp GR probe. To know whether the expression of the GR gene can be stably maintained in the next generation, when T2 selfing seeds that were obtained from the transformed mother plants were sowed on MS medium supplemented with 200 μm kanamycin, 70% of seedlings were revealed resistance to kanamycin.
An elite group of 38 strawberry accessions representing all subspecies of the beach strawberry [Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Miller] and the scarlet strawberry (F. virginiana Miller) was planted in a replicated design at five locations across the United States, and evaluated for plant vigor, flowering date, runner density, fruit set, fruit appearance, and foliar disease resistance. Considerable genotyp× location interaction was observed for many of these traits. However, a few genotypes were impressive at all locations including PI 551735 (FRA 368) with its unusually large, early fruit, and PIs 612486 (NC 95-19-1), 612493 (Frederick 9), and 612499 (RH 30), which were very vigorous and had unusually good fruit color. Genotypes that were superior at individual locations included PIs 551527 (FRA 110) and 551728 (Pigeon Pt.) in Maryland for their large fruit, and PI 612490 (Scotts Creek) in Oregon which had extremely large fruit, superior color, firmness, and flavor. The PIs 612495 (LH 50-4), 612498 (RH 23), and 612499 (RH 30) performed well as day neutrals at multiple sites.