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- Author or Editor: S.H. Kim x
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Of 467 accessions of Capsicum pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) tested for resistance to gray leaf spot, KC321, KC220, KC208, KC47 (PI244670), KC43 (PI244670), KC380, and KC319 were highly resistant to both Stemphylium solani and S. lycopersici, the causal agents of gray leaf spot.
Abstract
Filbert (Corylus avellana L.) pollen germination on sucrose-agar media with B and/or Ca, Mg, and K, was affected adversely by increasing pH. Cultivar differences in germination of pollen were apparent: ‘Tombul’ and ‘Ennis’ germinated well; ‘Hall’s Giant’ intermediate; whereas ‘Barcelona’ and ‘Butler’ showed a poor germination percentage. Germination decreased as temperature increased from 15° to 30°C. Among concentration ranges of the sugars tested at 10% to 25%, sucrose was most effective, glucose permitted good germination at lower concentrations, and fructose inhibited germination.
Secondary metabolite production by plant cell culture has been become of interest because of its commercial value in use. However, cultured plant cells usually yield lower levels of secondary metabolites than those of intact plants. In order to improve the anthocyanin productivity in hairy root culture of Daucus carota, fungal elicitors from 8 species of Fungi were examined. Through the studies of fungal elicitors in this work, it was turned out that fungal elicitors were very effective to improve the yield of anthocyanin. Despite of its low yield of anthocyanin, high density culture of hairy roots is achieved in fluidized-bed bioreactor, Anthocyanin production in fluidized-bed bioreactor with fungal elicitor treatment was increased greatly. We are currently researching more detailed aeration effects and scale-up in air-lift bioreactors. And these studies could provide important data to establish mass production system for secondary metabolites.
The development of genetic transformation systems has led to remarkable progress in the area of plant molecular biology. This has included the introduction of useful traits, such as resistance to viruses, herbicides, and insects. Transformed plant cells can be selected, using chimeric genes that confer resistance to toxic drugs, such as kanamycin, hygromycin, streptomycin, gentamycin, and bleomycin. Expression of these chimeric genes in the transformed cells confers the ability to survive and proliferate on the selective medium, while non-transformed cells die. In this study, we report a simple and efficient system to regenerate Chinese cabbage plants and study of the effects of plant growth regulators, AgNO3, initial dark treatment, various antibiotics, and herbicide on shoot induction from hypocotyl or cotyledon of Chinese cabbage. Shoots were induced at various combinations of naphtalene acetic acid (NAA) and benzyladenine (BA) levels. The best combination of plant growth regulators was 2.0 mg/L NAA and 1.0 mg/L BA for cotyledon, and 1.0 mg/L NAA and 5.0 mg/L BA for hypocotyl. The experiment investigating the effect of AgNO3 demonstrated that 16.7 mg/L AgNO3 was effective for inducing shoot regeneration from both of explants. Three to five days of initial dark treatments had significant effects for increasing the number of regenerated shoots; however, different growth regulator combinations showed various responses to duration of dark treatments. The effects of kanamycin, hygromycin, cefatoxime, carbenicillin and phosphinothricin (PPT) on shoot induction from cotyledon and hypocotyl were tested. Shoot induction was completely inhibited by kanamycin at 10 mg/L, hygromycin at 5 mg/L, PPT at 5 mg/L or higher, but not by carbenicillin and cefatoxime.
This experiment was conducted to identify the effect of various growth retardants on the growth of Aerides japonicum in vitro. Paclobutrazol was found the most effective retardant for reducing the leaf growth of seedling. Ancymidol and uniconazole also showed retarding effects on leaf growth of one, whereas Daminozide didn't. When growth retardants were added to culture medium, leaf length of seedlings was gradually shortened and leaf width became wider than that of control. However, root length was shorter and number of roots and root diameter were greatly increased. On the contrary, at 0.05 and 0.1 ppm uniconazole, growth of leaf and root were enhanced. It was showed that the possibility of using as an additive for good growth of Aerides japonicum seedling in vitro. The activity of GA-like substances was higher in the portion in which growth of seedlings were promoted. It was identified by anatomical observations that the number of stomata and thickness of cell layer in leaf were increased by treatment of retardants.
Three Korean cultivars, Pungkak, Kalmi, and Subi, were crossed with PI 201234, which has resistance to P. capsici. A backcross breeding program was initiated to incorporate the Phytophthora resistance into the Korean cultivars, but the level of resistance decreased as the backcross round increased. Highly resistant plants occurred frequently in the BC1F2 populations but were rare in the BC2F1 populations. Resistant plants selected in BC1F3 populations had nearly enough recovery of the growth and fruit characteristics of the Korean recurrent parents. Crosses were made between resistant selections in each BC1F2 population. The F1 hybrids showed a considerably increased level of resistance.
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were transformed using microparticle bombardment with two different genes, alpha-glucuronidase (GUS) gene and Chinese cabbage Glutathione Reductase (GR) gene. The adventitious shoots of cotyledonary explant from 4-day-old seedlings were formed (46.7%) in MS basal media supplemented with 5.0 μm IAA and 1.0 μm 2ip. When 1100 psi helium pressure, 9 target distance, and coating with tungsten 10 microparticles were used and explants were treated with osmoticum-conditioning medium (0.6M sorbitol/mannitol), 4 h prior to and 16 h after bombardment, it was identified by GUS assay that these conditions were the most efficient for transformation of foreign genes into cotyledon tissue of lettuce with particle bombardment. PCR confirmed that the band observed in the transgenic plants were originated from T-DNA tranfer with strong hybridization. The genomic Southern analysis showed that the 1.5-kbp fragment was hybridized with radiolabeled 1.5-kbp GR probe. To know whether the expression of the GR gene can be stably maintained in the next generation, when T2 selfing seeds that were obtained from the transformed mother plants were sowed on MS medium supplemented with 200 μm kanamycin, 70% of seedlings were revealed resistance to kanamycin.
The effects of watering frequency, bulb size, temperature, and Promalin on flowering of Cyrtanthus elatus, were investigated. Bulbs must be 8 cm, in circum., with minimum of 10 leaf bases before the first inflorescence will develop from a swollen leaf base. One inflorescence was initiated for each set of 5 leaf bases. Watering frequencies did not affect flower bud development and abortion. Greater than 73% of plants developing from bulbs larger than 15.3 cm in circum. produced an inflorescence with 4 to 6 flowers when grown at 26/23C (D/N) and sprayed with 3,000 ppm Promalin. Anthesis was accelerated from 64 days to 39 days when temperatures were increased from 16/13 to 26/23C. A second inflorescence was also produced from some Promalin-treated plants grown at 26/23C. Flower bud abortion of inflorescences formed on the outer row of leaf bases appeared to contribute to irregular flowering.
Daminozide is a growth retardant used in potted plant production as a foliar spray to inhibit shoot elongation. It has its greatest inhibitory effect immediately after application, becoming less pronounced thereafter; continued retardation is accomplished by reapplication at 7to 14-day intervals. A model for this retardation effect is useful in developing decision support tools, as well as in optimizing (perhaps minimizing) the use of this growth retardant. Such a model, as developed and described earlier, simulates the effect of a foliar spray application of daminozide at various concentrations on various days during the production cycle. The objective of this work was to validate this model for various varieties of chrysanthemum. Using the model to simulate the effect of one application of daminozide resulted in predicted plant heights very close to the observed heights for most of the varieties tested. Of four methods used to implement the multiple-application effect, two resulted in very good simulation of the observed plant heights. In summary, the model was shown to be valid for all the varieties of chrysanthemum tested.
Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) is a commercially and nutritionally important market vegetable in Asia cultivated mainly by smallholder farmers. Cucurbit powdery mildew (CPM) caused by Podosphaera xanthii (Px) is a nearly ubiquitous and serious fungal disease of bitter gourd. Five bitter gourd breeding lines (THMC 113, THMC 143, THMC 153, THMC 167, and THMC 170) were selected at the World Vegetable Center for resistance to a local isolate of Px in Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand. We evaluated the resistance potential of these five inbred lines against local isolates of Px at 12 locations in five Asian countries. Plants were inoculated with the respective local Px isolate 15 and 30 days after transplanting and additional Px-infected plants of the inoculated control were interplanted throughout each test. Plants were rated 60 days after transplanting for CPM reaction using a 0 (no evidence of infection) to 5 (>75% infection evident on individual leaves) disease severity scale. THMC 153 and THMC 167 were resistant to the local race of Px in all locations, whereas THMC 143 was observed resistant in all test locations except one in China. THMC 113 was resistant in each location except one in India. THMC 170 was susceptible in three locations in India. The multilocation tests revealed four unique Px races on bitter gourd in different Asian countries and sources of resistance for breeding CPM-resistant bitter gourd cultivars. Six strains of Px isolated from other cucurbits (Cucumis and Cucurbita) and representing five melon CPM races were unable to infect the susceptible M. charantia accession THMC 144 and the five resistant breeding lines, indicating pathotype differences between them and an isolate of M. charantia origin typed as race 1 on melon. THMC 143 and THMC 167, which originated from India, exhibited good yield potential in trials conducted in Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Bangladesh.