Search Results

In this study, effects of leaf age (20 to 240 days), plant age (4, 8, and 14 months after deflasking), and various day/night temperature regimes (16 to 33 °C) on photosynthesis of Phalaenopsis amabilis L. Blume var. formosa Shimadzu (Phal. TS97) leaves were investigated. The diurnal net CO₂ uptake in Phal. TS97 leaves was measured and integrated to obtain total net CO₂ uptake, which represents photosynthetic efficiency in plants performing crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). Under all conditions, Phal. TS97 leaves performed typical CAM photosynthesis and reached their highest net CO₂ uptake rate, ≈6 μmol·m^-2·s^-1, after 3 to 4 hours in the dark under a 12-hour photoperiod. When grown under 30 °C day/25 °C night temperature, the total net CO₂ uptake of leaf increased with maturation and was highest at 80 days old, 20 days after full expansion. The CAM photosynthetic capacity of mature leaves remained high after maturation and began to decline at a leaf age of 240 days. The trend was consistent with malate fixation but the highest nocturnal malate concentration was observed in 100-day-old leaves. Young leaves or leaves from small juvenile plants had higher daytime CO₂ fixation compared to mature leaves or large plants, suggesting that Phal. TS97 leaves progressed from C₃-CAM to CAM during the course of maturation. The second newly matured leaf from the top had the highest net CO₂ fixation when the newest leaf was 8 cm in length. Although plant age did not influence total CO₂ uptake in the leaf, photosynthetic efficiency of leaves in small younger plants was more sensitive to high light intensity, 340 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 photosynthetic photon flux. The day/night temperature of 32/28 and 29/25 °C resulted in the highest total net CAM CO₂ fixation in vegetative Phal. TS97 plants than higher (33/29 °C) and lower temperatures (21/16 °C).

Phalaenopsis has become one of the most important potted plants around the world. Thus, we used a key commercial Phalaenopsis amabilis cultivar, TS97, as a model to determine the light requirements for maximal carbon fixation and photosystem II (PSII) efficiency in its leaves and to investigate the effects of low irradiance and daylength on photosynthesis and flower development. In mature ‘TS97’ leaves, the daily total CO₂ uptake capacity and net acid fixation increased with increasing photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) and saturated at ≈200 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹, whereas the fluorescence ratio values were significantly reduced to 0.68 to 0.75 above 325 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ PPF, indicating photoinhibition of PSII. Positive assimilation of the nocturnal CO₂ uptake occurred at a very low PPF (less than 5 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹), suggesting highly efficient use of light energy by ‘TS97’ plants. Leaves developed under 30 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ PPF exhibited lower light requirement of 125 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ PPF to reach maximal CO₂ uptake, below which the daytime CO₂ uptake declined dramatically. Under a 12-hour daylength, exposing the leaves to a low PPF for 4 hours at any time during the day did not affect the photosynthetic capacity in ‘TS97’ leaves, suggesting that 8 hours of optimal irradiance is required for high-level photosynthesis, whereas the 12-hour daylength resulted in a higher CO₂ uptake rate and the daily total CO₂ uptake than the 8-hour daylength. Moreover, the 12-hour daylength promoted earlier flower formation and higher flower count compared with the 6- to 8-hour daylengths. Longer daylengths neither accelerated flowering formation nor enhanced total flower count. In conclusion, 8 hours of saturating PPF at 200 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ and a 12-hour daylength are sufficient for maximizing photosynthesis and flower production in ‘TS97’ plants.

This investigation documents the key anatomical features in embryo development of Cypripedium formosanum Hayata, in association with the ability of embryos to germinate in vitro, and examines the effects of culture media and seed pretreatments on seed germination. A better understanding of zygotic embryogenesis for the Cypripedium L. species would provide insights into subsequent germination events and aid in the in vitro propagation of these endangered species. In seeds collected at 60 days after pollination (DAP), soon after fertilization, no germination was recorded. The best overall germination was found at 90 DAP (≈70%), at which time early globular to globular embryos with a single-celled suspensors can be observed. After 135 DAP, the seeds germinated poorly. At this time the inner integument shrinks and forms a tight layer, which encloses the embryo, the so-called “carapace.” Using Nile red stain, a cuticular substance was detected in the carapace, which may play a role in the impermeability of the mature seed and may help the seeds survive in the stringent environment. At maturity (after 210 DAP), the embryo proper has an average size of eight cells along its length and six cells across the width. Lipids and proteins are the main storage products within the embryo. To improve seed germination, experiments were conducted to test the suitability of various media and pretreatments of seeds. When different media were used, except for the Harvais medium at 120 DAP, there was no significant difference in seed germination at three different developmental stages tested. Soaking mature seeds in 1% NaOCl or treating them with ultrasound may slightly increase the germination percentage. For seed germination, our results indicate that the timing of seed collection outweighs the composition of medium and the seed pretreatments.