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The effectiveness of directional phenotypic selection to improve tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seed germination under salt-stress was investigated. Seed of F₂ and F₃ progeny of F₁ hybrids between a salt-tolerant (PI174263) and a salt-sensitive (UCT5) tomato cultivar were evaluated for germination response at three stress levels of 100 (low), 150 (intermediate), and 200 mm (high) synthetic sea salt (SSS). At each salt-stress level, the most tolerant individuals, as determined by the germination speed, were selected. Selected individuals (F₂s or F₃s) were grown to maturity and self-pollinated to produce F₃ and F₄ progeny families. The selected progeny from each experiment were evaluated for germination at four treatment levels of 0 (nonstress), 100, 150, and 200 mm SSS and were compared with unselected populations. The results indicated that selections were equally effective at all three salt-stress levels and in F₂ and F₃ generations and significantly improved seed germination of progeny under salt-stress and nonstress treatments. Estimates of realized heritability for rapid germination under the various salt-stress levels ranged from 0.67 to 0.76. Analysis of response and correlated response to selection indicated a genetic correspondence of up to 100% between germination at different salt-stress levels. Genotypic family correlations between germination at the low, intermediate, and high salt-stress levels ranged from 0.67 to 0.89, and those between nonstress and salt-stress conditions ranged from 0.25 (between 0 and 200 mm) to 0.71 (between 0 and 100 mm salt). The results indicated that similar or identical genes with additive genetic effects contributed to rapid germination response of tomato seeds at different salt-stress levels. Thus, selection at one stress level resulted in progeny with improved germination at diverse salt-stress levels. The results also indicated that to improve tomato seed germination, selection can be based on individual seed performance and early segregating generations.

Cold tolerance (CT) of 31 tomato accessions (cultivars, breeding lines, and plant introductions) representing six Lycopersicon L. sp. was evaluated during seed germination and vegetative growth. Seed germination was evaluated under temperature regimes of 11 ± 0.5 °C (cold stress) and 20 ± 0.5 °C (control) in petri plates containing 0.8% agar medium and maintained in darkness. Cold tolerance during seed germination was defined as the inverse of the ratio of germination time under cold stress to germination time under control conditions and referred to as germination tolerance index (TI_G). Across accessions, TI_G ranged from 0.15 to 0.48 indicating the presence of genotypic variation for CT during germination. Vegetative growth was evaluated in growth chambers with 12 h days/12 h nights of 12/5 °C (cold stress) and 25/18 °C (control) with a 12 h photoperiod of 350 mmol.m^-2.s^-1 (photosynthetic photon flux). Cold tolerance during vegetative growth was defined as the ratio of shoot dry weight (DW) under cold stress (DW_S) to shoot DW under control (DW_C) conditions and referred to as vegetative growth tolerance index (TI_VG). Across accessions, TI_VG ranged from 0.12 to 0.39 indicating the presence of genotypic variation for CT during vegetative growth. Cold tolerance during vegetative growth was independent of plant vigor, as judged by the absence of a significant correlation (r = 0.14, P > 0.05) between TI_VG and DW_C. Furthermore, CT during vegetative growth was independent of CT during seed germination, as judged by the absence of a significant rank correlation (r_R = 0.14, P > 0.05) between TI_VG and TI_G. A few accessions, however, were identified with CT during both seed germination and vegetative growth. Results indicate that for CT breeding in tomato, each stage of plant development may have to be evaluated and selected for separately.

The genetic relationship between cold tolerance (CT) during seed germination and vegetative growth in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was determined. An F₂ population of a cross between accession PI120256 (cold tolerant during both seed germination and vegetative growth) and UCT5 (cold sensitive during both stages) was evaluated for germination under cold stress and the most cold tolerant progeny (the first 5% germinated) were selected. Selected progeny were grown to maturity and self-fertilized to produce F₃ families (referred to as the selected F₃ population). The selected F₃ population was evaluated for CT separately during seed germination and vegetative growth and its performance was compared with that of a nonselected F₃ population of the same cross. Results indicated that selection for CT during seed germination significantly improved CT of the progeny during germination; a realized heritability of 0.75 was obtained for CT during seed germination. However, selection for CT during germination did not affect plant CT during vegetative growth; there was no significant difference between the selected and nonselected F₃ populations in either absolute CT [defined as shoot fresh weight (FW) under cold stress] or relative CT (defined as shoot FW under cold as a percentage of control). Results indicated that, in PI120256, CT during seed germination was genetically independent of CT during vegetative growth. Thus, to develop tomato cultivars with improved CT during different developmental stages, selection protocols that include all critical stages are necessary.