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A high CO2 slow cooling CA storage procedure was developed for `McIntosh' apples (Malus domestica Borkh.). The apples were cooled from 18° to 3°C in 15 days in atmospheres containing a constant O2 at 2.5% and decreasing CO2 starting with 12% and ending at 3%. The results of several tests in a flow-through simulated CA storage system revealed that the new procedure was nearly as effective as rapid CA and was much more effective than traditional slow CA in preserving the firmness of `McIntosh' apples for up to 4 months of storage. Maintaining a constant CO2 either at 12% or 3% instead of gradually decreasing it from 12% to 3% during the slow cooling period resulted in more storage disorders or/and softer apples.
Abstract
Good correlation was found between length of storage life of banana (Musa cavendishii Lambert cv. Dwarf Cavendish) and minimum treatment time required for ethylene ripening response at harvest. All test bananas responded to 24 hours or less of 10 ppm ethylene treatment. Based on 29 sample groups of greenhousegrown ‘Dwarf Cavendish’ bananas, a linear regression equation relating banana storage life in days in air at 21°C (as output Y) and minimum time in hours required for ripening response to 10 ppm ethylene (as input X) was obtained as Y = 4.59 + 1.25X. The 2 variables had a correlation coefficient of 0.92.
Abstract
Ten to 100 ppm ethylene in air inhibited the development of superficial senescent spots on ripe bananas (Musa cavendishii Lambert cv. Valery). The ethylene did not affect the respiration rate but accelerated softening of the partially ripe or ripe bananas at 21°C. Six days of continuous exposure to 10 ppm ethylene did not affect the eating quality of bananas but 9 days of exposure slightly lowered the quality. Ethylene did not inhibit anthracnose (Gloeosporium masarum Cke. & Mass.) growth on banana fruit or on petri dish culture. Dipping ripe bananas in 100 to 1000 ppm (2 chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) did not inhibit the senescent spot development. Brief dipping in silver nitrate solution (50 mg/liter) counteracted the ethylene effect.
Abstract
‘Dwarf Cavendish’ bananas (Musa cavendishii, Lambert), which were pretreated with ethylene and stored 28 days in 1% O2 or in 1/10 atmospheric pressure at 14°C, remained green and firm until the end of storage, but started to ripen almost immediately after being placed in 21°C air without additional ethylene treatment. The bananas so treated and stored had normal eating quality when ripe. The key to success was a pretreatment with ethylene for a period of time equal to the minimum required to induce the ripening response. Longer periods of ethylene pretreatment caused bananas to ripen in storage. The data suggest ethylene inactivates a natural ripening inhibitor.
Abstract
The sensitivity of ‘Dwarf Cavendish’ bananas (Musa cavendishii, Lambert) to ethylene was affected by the physiological age of the fruit and by the composition of gases ambient to the fruit. Ethylene at a concentration of 0.1 ppm in air always shortened the length of the preclimacteric period at 21°C. Exogenous ethylene at concentrations of 0.015 − 0.05 ppm, which were lower than those of endogenous ethylene of the fruits, was effective with 2 out of 3 lots of bananas tested. Low O2 and high CO2 concentrations in the storage atmosphere reduced the sensitivity of bananas to ethylene. The minimum effective concentration of ethylene in a gas mixture containing 4% O2 and 7% CO2 was between 0.1 and 0.5 ppm for bananas with highly advanced maturity and was between 0.5 and 1.0 ppm for bananas with less advanced maturity.
Abstract
Daminozide-treated and non treated ‘Delicious’ and ‘Idared’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) were stored for 7 to 7.5 months in simulated low-ethylene (<1 μl·liter−1) or normal-ethylene (500 μl·liter1) controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage. The simulated CA storage was a flow-through CA storage in 19-liter jars at 0°C. The storage atmosphere contained 2.5-3% O2, 3% CO2, 94-94.5% N2, and nearly 100% RH. Nontreated ‘Delicious’ and ‘Idared’ apples did not respond to low-ethylene CA, except that low-ethylene CA reduced the incidence of storage scaled on ‘Delicious’ apples. Daminozide-treated ‘Delicious’ apples did not respond to low-ethylene CA; the apples being firm after both low-ethylene and normal-ethylene CA storage. The response to low-ethylene CA by daminozide-treated ‘Idared’ apples was a reduced rate of softening of the apples after storage. The daminozide treatment significantly suppressed the ethylene production of both cultivars of apples in simulated low-ethylene CA storage. Chemical names used: butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide)(daminozide).
Abstract
‘McIntosh’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) from trees field-sprayed with daminozide were kept in unstoppered 19-liter jars in air at 3.3°C for various periods of time before being sealed and exposed to low-ethylene controlled atmosphere (CA). Similar apples were kept in sealed jars with flow-through low-ethylene CA at 20° for various periods of time before being cooled to 3.3°. After the prestorage treatments of delayed establishment of low-ethylene CA storage (delayed CA) or delayed cooling, these apples were stored in the same jars with a flow-through simulated low-ethylene CA (2.5-3% O2, 3% CO2, <1 μl·liter−1 ethylene, 2.2°-3.3°) for 7.5 months. Delayed cooling or delayed CA for one to 4 days had little adverse effect on the keeping quality of the apples. Delayed cooling for 5 days or delayed CA for 5 to 7 days caused slight decreases in fruit firmness and acidity after storage and sometimes caused slight increases in ethylene production of the apples during storage. Delayed cooling for 7 to 11 days or delayed CA for 9 to 11 days often caused significant decreases in firmness and acidity and large increases in ethylene production. The adverse effect of extended periods of delayed cooling was greater than that of delayed CA. Chemical names used: butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide).
Abstract
Daminozide (butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide)-treated ‘McIntosh’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) harvested at the preclimacteric stage did not soften in 7-½ months of controiled-atmosphere (CA) storage with <1 ppm ethylene in the atmosphere. These apples were satisfactorily firm and of acceptable-to-good quality after storage plus 7 days at 21°C. Apples from all other treatments were softer and had inferior quality. Control fruit harvested at the preclimacteric stage and stored in CA with a low ethylene level (<2.6 ppm) was also slightly firmer than similar fruit stored in CA with high ethylene (10 or 500 ppm). With a high ethylene level (500 ppm) in CA, daminozide-treated fruit was not firmer than control fruit and had more ‘McIntosh’ breakdown during the 7-day holding period after storage.
Abstract
Ripening-initiated ‘Valery’ bananas (Musa sp.) held in gas mixtures containing 10 ppm ethylene, 2 to 10% O2 and 0 to 10% CO2, ripened at a slightly lower rate than in air and had comparable quality when ripe. Fruit ripened very slowly and had lower quality, however, when the O2 concentration was reduced to 1%. Ethylene gas, which was released from ethephon ((2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid) solution applied to a small piece of sponge, initiated ripening of bananas in polymeric film packages. Three kinds of film regulated atmospheric composition inside packages suitable for banana ripening and holding. Making 1 or 3 pin holes through the film package increased the O2 concentration but had little effect upon CO2 and ethylene concentration. Bananas ripened with ethephon in suitable film packages had good eating quality and a longer shelf life than bananas ripened in air.
Abstract
Exposure to 40°C for 72 hours did not promote ripening of ¾ developed ‘Dwarf Cavendish’ bananas (Musa sp.) which had a preclimacteric period of >32 days at 21°. Bananas which were more advanced in physiological age and hence had a shorter preclimacteric period were more sensitive to heat. Twelve to 24 hours exposure to 40° promoted rapid ripening of bananas with an advanced physiological age. Treatment with 0.01 to 0.10 ppm ethylene at 40° created similar effects after shorter periods of exposure in comparison to the control. Internal ethylene was not increased by high temperature but was increased roughly 0.1 ppm by 0.1-ppm external ethylene treatment. Green bananas were more sensitive to ethylene at 40° than at 21°.