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- Author or Editor: Douglas V. Shaw x
- Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science x
Selfed progenies were generated using 10 day-neutral genotypes from the University of California (UC) strawberry breeding program as parents and their offspring were classified for late-summer flowering response. The grandparents of each selfed progeny included one of four day-neutral genotypes and one of eight short-day genotypes. Under the null hypothesis of genetic control by a single locus with the allele for day-neutrality dominant to the allele for short-day flowering response, all of these day-neutral parent genotypes must be heterozygous and their selfed offspring were expected to fit a 3:1 ratio of day-neutral: short-day phenotypes. The percentage of day-neutral offspring observed over all progenies was 70.9%, and was significantly smaller than the expected value of 75% (χ2 1 = 5.08, P < 0.02). The percentage of day-neutral offspring for individual progenies ranged from 41.4% to 84.8%, and highly significant heterogeneity was detected among progenies (χ2 9 = 40.3, P < 0.01). Selfed progeny means for the cumulative late-summer flowering score calculated using the day-neutral fraction of offspring varied from 1.31 to 2.35 and progeny means for the number of inflorescences per plant ranged from 3.5 to 9.9; these differences among progenies were highly significant (P < 0.01). These observations can be used to conclusively reject the hypothesis that day-neutrality in this domestic strawberry population is controlled by a single locus.
The heritabilities of, and genetic correlations among, variables that describe internal and external color in fresh strawberry (Fragaria × anarrassa) fruit were estimated using factorial analyses of seedlings from 20 controlled crosses. Hunter L and a values, and a subjective score generated by comparison with color plates were obtained for seedling genotypes and their parents at two locations. Genetic effects were responsible for 33% to 61% of the phenotypic variance for color traits, after correction for location effects. Means for objective color variables differed significantly between locations, but means for subjective color scores did not. Genetic × location interaction variances were usually nonsignificant, and were < 12% of the phenotypic variance for all variables. Phenotypic and genetic correlations between objective and subjective color scores were significant and large (absolute values of r = 0.42-0.69; rg = 0.84-1.00). Multiple regression of subjective scores on L and a explained 69% and 59% of the phenotypic variation for external and internal color, respectively. Genetic correlations between measures of internal and external color were small and mostly nonsignificant, suggesting that separate sets of genes condition these traits.
Parental potential, or breeding value, was evaluated for strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) genotypes selected for high, intermediate, or low phenotypic expression of soluble solids content (SSC) and titratable acid content (TA). Progeny means and genetic variance parameters were estimated using seedlings from 40 crosses among these selections, conducted in two factorial sets. Selection response for breeding value was detected for SSC in the upward direction and for TA in both upward and downward directions. Populations created by divergent selection of parents followed by intermating expressed additive genetic variances 2.3 and 9.3 times larger than those estimated for appropriate controls for SSC and TA, respectively. For TA, the response to selection for breeding value was consistent with results for genotypic selection reported earlier. The significant selection response in breeding value obtained for SSC differed from the results of previous clonal tests that had detected no significant genotypic selection response. These results, together with previous assessments, suggest that cumulative genetic gain can be obtained for both SSC and TA. However, gain for SSC will be contingent on selection under conditions that approximate commercial treatment; this will not be necessary for TA, as expression for this trait is stable across test location and cultural treatments.
Abstract
Genotypic variances and genotypic correlations were estimated for soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acids, and their major constituents, using strawberry genotypes (Fragaria × ananassa) not previously selected for flavor or other commercial traits. Genotypic variances estimated for SSC and total sugars were nonsignificant, whereas those estimated for acids were significant and large. Relative expression of acids was stable throughout the season; large genetic × harvest date interactions reduced genotypic consistency for SSC. Despite the absence of detectable genotypic variation for SSC and total sugars, significant genotypic variation was detected for sucrose, glucose, and fructose, and the relative expression of these sugars was stable over harvest dates. The total allocation of sugar to fruit appears fixed, but the distribution pattern among sugar constituents at commercial ripeness is variable. This interpretation was supported by the observation of a strong negative genotypic correlation between sucrose and its components, glucose and fructose. These results suggest that opportunity exists for genetic improvement of acids, but that selection response for SSC will be difficult to obtain.
Components of variance were estimated for 10 strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) color traits to determine their relative importance and to design optimal sampling strategies. The color attributes of >2000 fruit from 47 genotypes from the Univ. of California Strawberry Improvement Program were evaluated over three harvest dates (HDs) in one growing season. Measurements were obtained for a moderate number of fruit from each genotype on each date, and two measurements were obtained for each trait on all fruit. Variances for HDs were nonsignificant or small (0% to 8% of the total variance). Genotype × date variances were highly significant but small (≤6% of the total) for all color traits except internal hue (14% of the total). For external color traits, the within-fruit variance was greater than the among-fruit variance (16% to 64% and 0% to 14% of the total, respectively). For internal color traits, the among-fruit variance was greater than the within-fruit variance (20% to 37% and 9% to 19% of the total, respectively). Obtaining two measurements per fruit for several fruit on one HD is an efficient strategy for characterizing a genotype's fruit color; seven to 22 fruit are needed to estimate a genotype's fruit color within 2 units (Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage L*a*b* or degrees) with 95% confidence.
The genetic opportunity for selection of early fruiting strawberry cultivars was evaluated using seedling populations from the Univ. of California (UC) breeding program in three years. Narrow-sense heritabilities for early season yield and for the proportion of an individual's total yield expressed early were moderate (h2 = 0.24-0.53) and broad-sense heritabilities were slightly larger (H2 = 0.31-0.70), suggesting the presence of some nonadditive genetic variance for these traits. These two traits were genetically correlated with each other (rg = 0.78-0.98), but only early yield was consistently genetically correlated with seasonal yield (rg = 0.52-0.82). Selection was performed for each trait using an index on full-sib family means and individual phenotypic values in two of the three years, and predicted response was compared with that obtained using vegetatively propagated runner plants from selected genotypes in the subsequent fruiting season. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) selection response was obtained in one of two years for each trait, and combined analysis demonstrated highly significant (P < 0.01) response for both traits. However, realized response over all traits and years was just 27.3% of that predicted based on the estimated heritabilities and applied selection intensities. These results suggest that selection for early yield should be based at least in part on runner plant evaluations rather than exclusively on seedling performance.
Strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) seedlings from a factorial mating design were tested in each of two locations using two propagule types (seedlings and runners). Genotypic correlations were used to indicate G × E interaction across these locations and propagation systems and to predict correlated responses between selection under specific conditions and commercial propagation. A combined index on relatives was constructed and used to select four groups of individuals—one for each location-propagule combination—for each of two production traits. Comparison was then made with realized responses from subsequent clonal testing at a single site representing the commercial environment. Although selection in the commercial environment (Watsonville) was predicted to give the greatest selection response, realized responses were greatest for the Wolfskill site. Additionally, the present system of selecting seedlings at Wolfskill and testing clones at Watsonville offers considerable logistical advantages that may outweight genetic considerations. The concept of effective index heritability was introduced to enable the calculation of predicted response based on index selection. Neither the use of clonally tested parents nor a comparative seedling set selected for another trait was ideal for estimating realized response.
Performance characteristics for eighteen strawberry cultivars (Fragaria ×ananassa), nine from California and nine from other North American sources, were evaluated in annual hill culture, with and without preplant soil fumigation (2 methyl bromide : 1 chloropicrin, 392 kg·ha-1). Plants grown in nonfumigated soil yielded 57% and 46% of the fruit produced by plants on adjacent fumigated soil for cultivars from California and other North American origins, respectively. Plants in nonfumigated soils also developed fruit with lower berry weight (94% and 95% of fumigated trials) and smaller spring plant diameter (83% and 76%) for California and other sources, respectively. Trait values for exotic cultivars ranged from 39% to 80% of those for California cultivars, and the variance component due to germplasm sources explained 41% to 81% of the phenotypic variance of random effects in the experiment. Conversely, significant germplasm source × fumigation interactions were not detected for any of the growth or performance traits evaluated, and the proportion of variance attributable to these interactions was at most 2% of that due to germplasm source. These results demonstrate that strawberry growth and productivity for California and other North American germplasm sources are increased similarly by fumigation. Despite differing selection history, germplasm developed outside of California contains no obvious genetic diversity useful for developing cultivars specifically adapted to the sublethal effects of organisms in nonfumigated soils.
Bare-rooted `Camarosa' strawberry runner plants were established in a fruit production field on 1 Nov. 1993 using annual hill culture and two preplant soil fumigation treatments: 1) a mixture of 2 methyl bromide: 1 chloropicrin (wt: wt, 392 kg·ha-1) injected into the soil before forming raised planting beds (MBC); or 2) nonfumigation (NF). At about 33-day intervals between mid-January and the end of May, 20 plants were destructively sampled from each treatment to determine leaf dry mass (LDM), crown dry mass (CDM), root dry mass (RDM), and shoot: root dry mass (SRDM) ratios. Plant mortality was <0.2% throughout the study and did not differ with soil treatment. Regardless of sampling date, LDM, CDM, and RDM were greater for MBC plants than for NF plants, although treatment differences were not always significant. During the first 143 days, NF plants allocated a greater proportion of dry matter to roots than to shoots compared to MBC plants, indicating that roots are a stronger sink for photoassimilate in nonfumigated than in fumigated soils. However, there was no difference between treatments in SRDM by the end of the study. Fruit yield and a 10-fruit weight were determined at weekly intervals from mid-January until 23 May 1994. Yield and mean fruit weight of NF plants were 72% and 90%, respectively, of that of MBC plants. For both treatments, about one-half of total fruit production occurred between 144 and 174 days after planting (late March to late April). During that same period, rates of dry matter accumulation in leaf, crown, and root tissues decreased for plants in both treatments, but greatest reductions occurred in NF plants. Chemical name used: trichloronitromethane (chloropicrin).
Seedling offspring of crosses among 10 selected strawberry genotypes (Fragari ×ananassa Duch.) from the University of California strawberry improvement program were established in annual hill culture. Soil treatments consisted of 1) preplant fumigation using a mixture of methyl bromide and chloropicrin or 2) no fumigation. Root systems of individual plants were sampled with a soil probe in January, April, and July 1994 to determine root mass (RM), secondary root mass (SRM), and a subjective root appearance score (RAS). For each trait, genetic analyses of partial diallels were performed to quantify sources of genetic, environmental, and interaction variance. Root trait values differed significantly between soil treatments only for the April sampling date, with all trait values greater in fumigated soils than in nonfumigated soils. For RM and SRM, variance due to general combining ability (GCA) was significant in April and July. Narrow-sense heritabilities (h2 ) for RM increased between January (0.14) and July (0.40); SRM showed a similar trend with a higher h2 on each sampling date. GCA variances were nonsignificant for RAS, however, significant fumigation × GCA interaction variance was detected for RAS in January. Specific combining ability (SCA) variances were nonsignificant for all traits. To further quantify the extent of interactions, correlations (rg ) between genotypic expressions in fumigated soils and nonfumigated soils were calculated for each root trait. These rg values were at or near unity (> 0.85) for RM and SRM on all sampling dates, implying that genetic variability for these traits is conditioned by genes with identical effects within each soil environment. Conversely, rg between soil environments was 0.52, 0.62, and -0.18, for January, April, and July RAS, respectively. These findings suggest that genetic variability exists within this germplasm base for strawberry root mass characteristics. Genetic variation also exists for January root appearance score, but it is not conditioned identically across fumigation treatments.