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Six hundred five hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) seedlings from a diverse germplasm collection made in the Russian Federation and the Crimean peninsula of the Ukraine were inoculated with the eastern filbert blight (EFB) pathogen Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller and their responses evaluated. Responses were rated on a scale of 0 to 5, in which 0 represents no sign of EFB and 5 represents all branches exhibiting cankers. At final evaluation, eight seedlings showed no signs of the pathogen or symptoms of the disease. Five additional seedlings expressed only very minor signs of the pathogen (rating = 1). The remainder ranged in disease expression from moderately to severely infected to dead with 89.7% (470 of 524) of the surviving seedlings rating 4 or 5. Of the 13 apparently resistant seedlings (rating 0 or 1), seven originated from nuts purchased from roadside vendors near Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine; five from nuts purchased at an outdoor market near Krasnodar, Russia; and one from nuts obtained from the hazelnut breeding program of the Nikita Botanical Gardens, Yalta, Crimea, Ukraine. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers generated by the primers UBC 152800 and OP AA12850, which are tightly linked to the single dominant resistance gene ‘Gasaway’, were not present in all 13 resistant seedlings, providing support, along with their geographic origins, that they represent novel sources of genetic resistance to EFB.
Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb. is grown as an economically valuable crop in a number of countries worldwide, but large-scale cultivation has been primarily restricted to semiarid and arid regions with mild, temperate climates. Considering the species’ wide native range and inherent genetic, morphologic, and phenologic diversity, almond remains quite underused in areas outside those currently in cultivation. The area comprising the former USSR represents an extremely large and diverse region and is a center of genetic diversity for P. dulcis and related species. Much of this region, which is the center of origin and/or diversity of many important crops, has been inaccessible to the Western world for centuries, and much of the scientific literature produced there has not been widely disseminated in the English language. Since the breakup of the USSR, this region has become increasingly open and opportunities for reciprocal germplasm collection, exchange, and scientific collaborations are growing. To bring increased attention to the valuable P. dulcis genetic resources endemic to this region, and to promote better use, management, and preservation of these important resources, the wild distribution of almond and closely related species, and extensive germplasm holdings of institutions across the former USSR, are herein described. Recent and ongoing collection and breeding activities in the U.S. Intermountain West are also discussed.
Central Asia is a center of diversity for many important fruit and nut tree species, including wild and cultivated apricots (Prunus armeniaca L.). A wealth of apricot germplasm that expresses novel and valuable characteristics such as fruits with high soluble solids, edible kernels, glabrous skin, and diverse colors and flavors, as well as later-blooming flowers, late-maturing fruit, and drought, cold, and salt tolerance, can be found growing across this region. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Central Asia has become more accessible for reciprocal germplasm exchange and scientific collaborations. Thus, opportunities now exist to obtain, study, and use a much wider diversity of Central Asian apricot germplasm in breeding efforts, which can lead to improved crop traits and ultimately an expansion of the regions where this high-value crop can be grown. To bring attention to the valuable P. armeniaca genetic resources found in Central Asia and to promote its better use, management, and preservation, a description and history of the species from a Central Asian perspective, along with recent and ongoing activities, are discussed in this article.