Search Results
Abstract
Various rates of ancymidol granular incorporated, granular broadcast, soil drench, and foliar spray treatments were tested on 7 breeding plant species. Generally, treatment of media affected plant height more than foliar sprays. Media treatments reduced height linearly, with increasing rates reducing plant height. Effects were similar for Salvia splendens F. Sellow ex Roem. & Schultz and Pelargonium × hortorum L.H. Bailey plants. Height of Targetes erecta L. plants was controlled most effectively by 311 to 622 mg a.i. m−3 drenches or granular incorporated. Begonia semperflorens - cultorum Hort., and Antirrhinum majus L. plant height was best controlled with granular incorporated ancymidol at rates of 155 to 622 mg a.i. and 311 to 1243 mg a.i. m−3, respectively. Germination of Tagetes and Pelargonium seed was unaffected by granular incorporated ancymidol at 78 to 311 mg a.i. m−3. Chemical names used: a-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol).
Abstract
Twenty-eight apple selections exhibiting different levels of powdery mildew resistance, based on greenhouse and field ratings from other investigations at other locations, were evaluated as grafts in the greenhouse for European red mite survival and development. Although we found selections HAR5T8, HAR8T140, HCR9T48, HCR14T149, OR48T70, and TSR14T146 to have a significantly (P = 0.05, 80 df) higher powdery mildew rating than NY55140-19, at one or more European red mite counts the other 22 selections did not show similar differences. Only selection HAR5T142 had significantly higher (P = 0.05, 80 df) mite counts relative to HCR21T200. The absence of a relationship between powdery mildew and European red mite infestations in apple was demonstrated through the lack of significant correlation between the levels of infestation by these 2 pests.
Abstract
In cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) no linkage was detected between genes for scab resistance, Ccu or bacterial wilt resistance, Bw and the 10 seedling marker genes: nonbitter cotyledon, bi; glabrous, gl; glabrate, gib; light sensitive, Is; revolute cotyledon, rc; stunted cotyledon, sc; crinkled leaf, cr; mottled cotyledon, me; and 2 yellow cotyledon genes, yc-1 and yc-2. All 12 traits were inherited monogenically. Methods were developed for the screening of scab and bacterial wilt resistance in the seedling stage.
An experiment was conducted to examine the interaction between chilling exposure (0, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 hours at 3C) and hydrogen cyanamide (H2CN2) concentration [0%, 1.25%, and 2.50% (v/v)] on the budbreak of dormant grape buds (Vitis vinifera L. `Perlette') collected in late fall before the onset of temperatures ≤13C. Budbreak at 22C was most rapid for cuttings exposed to 800 chill hours and least rapid for cuttings that received no chilling. Budbreak of cuttings receiving 50 to 200 hours of chilling was similar and lagged behind that of cuttings exposed to 400 or 800 hours. Maximum observed budbreak improved with increased chilling exposure. Hydrogen cyanamide hastened the growth of all chilling treatments and increased the percent budbreak of cuttings receiving ≤400 chill hours. When cuttings were not treated with H2CN2, the number of days required for 50% budbreak declined sharply as chilling exposure increased from 0 to 400 hours. In contrast, this interval was reduced only slightly as chilling increased from 400 to 800 hours. Hydrogen cyanamide-treated buds exhibited a more gradual decline in the number of days required for 50% budbreak with increased chilling exposure. In this study, the physiological efficacy and economic benefits of H2CN2 applications diminished with increased chilling exposure.
The photoperiodic responses were determined for the following species: Bacopa speciosa `Snowflake', Bidens ferulifolium, Brachycome multifida `Crystal Falls', Helichrysum bracteatum'Golden Beauty', Lysimachia procumbens (Golden Globes), Pentas lanceolata `Starburst', Scaevola aemula `New Blue Wonder', Streptocarpella hybrid `Concord Blue', and Streptosolen jamesonii (Orange Browallia). Each plant species was grown at 8-, 10-, 12-, 14-, and 16-hour photoperiods. Photoperiods were provided by delivering 8 hours sunlight, then pulling black cloth and providing daylength extension with incandescent bulbs. Bacopa speciosa `Snowflake', Bidens ferulifolium, Brachycome multifida `Crystal Falls', Helichrysum bracteatum `Golden Beauty', Scaevola aemula `New Blue Wonder', and Streptocarpella hybrid `Blue Concord' were day neutral, i.e., no difference in days to visible bud or days to anthesis in response to photoperiod were observed. Pentas lanceolata `Starburst' and Lysimachia procumbens (Golden Globes) were quantitative long day plants, i.e., days to anthesis decreased as daylength increased. No difference in days to visible bud, number of lateral shoots, number of nodes, or internode length were observed for Pentas lanceolata `Starburst'; however, days to anthesis for 14- and 16-hour photoperiods occurred 9 days earlier than 8-hour photoperiods. Days to visible bud for Lysimachia procumbens (Golden Globes) occurred 7 days earlier and days to anthesis was 9 days earlier under 14- and 16-hour photoperiods than 8-hour photoperiods. By week 8, only one flower per plant developed in the 8-hour photoperiod while 11 flowers per plant developed in the 14-hour photoperiod. Streptosolen jamesonii (Orange Browallia) was a qualitative short day plant. There was no difference in the days to anthesis between 8- and 10-hour daylength, each averaging 36 days from start of photoperiod treatment. Plants under 12- to 16-hour photoperiods did not flower.
For only the second time, the United States will host The International Turfgrass Society's (ITS) International Turfgrass Research Conference (ITRC). The VII ITRC will be held July 18-24, 1993 at The Breakers in Palm Beach, FL. Since its inception, the ITS has been devoted to addressing problems that effect turfgrass and improving the standards of turfgrass science through international communication. The Conference will offer two symposia entitled “Pesticide and Nutrient Fate in Turfgrass Systems” and “Quantification of Surface Characteristics of Sports Fields”. Additionally plenary and volunteered oral and poster presentations on all topics of turfgrass science and related horticultural landscape management tours of the local horticultural industries will be offered. Volunteered papers will be published in a proceedings as either original research papers or as technical papers. Papers submitted as original research will undergo refereed peer review prior to acceptance. See poster for further details or contact authors at above address (phone: 305-475-8990).
Current interest in the fate of agrochemicals applied to turf is encouraging many turf scientists to contemplate renovation of existing field plots for soil-water monitoring studies. Ceramic cup samplers are used for these studies and result in little soil profile disturbance. However, a limitation to using this tool is frequent sampler failure caused by frequent system air leaks. Also, conventional installation and sampling require that samplers be accessible from above the soil line. This imposes a constraint on turf maintenance and increases traffic and wear to turf plots. Herein, an inexpensive offsite soil-water sampling method using permanently installed ceramic cup samplers that allows for routine turf maintenance without system failure is described. Thirty-six separately irrigated 4 m2 plots each with an installed sampler provided daily data over 1988-1989, from which the effects of a range of irrigation, N, K, and propoxur treatments on soil-water concentrations were evaluated. These data, plus calculated percolation provided an estimate of groundwater loading.
A comparison was made among 16 native North American Vitis species and Vitis vinifera L. ('Carignane') grown in the San Joaquin Valley of California with or without irrigation over 2 years. Predawn water potential (ΨPD), predawn leaf osmotic potential (Ψπ), midday leaf (Ψl), and stem water potential (Ψstem), stomatal conductance (gs), net CO2 assimilation rate (A), and intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE) were measured on five dates during the growing season the first year of the study and pruning weights were evaluated both years. Net gas exchange and water potential components taken on the last measurement date in 1992 and pruning weights of the nonirrigated species were less (or more negative for Ψ components) than those of the irrigated vines. The 17 Vitis species were ranked according to their relative drought tolerance based upon their performance without irrigation and when compared to their irrigated cohort. The Vitis species considered most drought tolerant were V. californica, V. champinii, V. doaniana, V. longii, V. girdiana, and V. arizonica. Those six species generally had high values of A, gs, and pruning weights and more favorable vine water status at the end of the study than the other species when grown without irrigation. The drought-induced reductions in the measured parameters also were less for those species when compared to their irrigated cohorts. The least drought tolerant species were, V. berlandieri, V. cinerea, V. lincecumii, V. riparia, and V. solonis. The drought-tolerant rankings were generally associated with the species' native habitat and probable soil water availability.
Abstract
Translocation patterns of the triazole plant growth retardants paclobutrazol, triapenthenol, and BAS111 were found to be similar when applied as a trunk paint, soil drench, or in hydroponic systems. Chemical degradation studies indicate that the greatest percentage of parent compound is translocated to roots and mature leaves following soil drench and hydroponic treatments. Generally, residue levels of BAS111 were significantly lower than those of paclobutrazol and triapenthenol. Data from trunk paint applications indicate triapenthenol and BAS111, even at concentrations 5 times greater than paclobutrazol, are not as effective in controlling shoot growth. Significant negative correlations were found between shoot growth and foliar residue levels of paclobutrazol and triapenthenol 13 weeks after trunk paint application. Chemical names used: (2RS,3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-pentan-3-ol (paclobutrazol); (E)-(RS)-1-cyclohexyl-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-pent-1-en-3-ol (triapenthenol); 1-phenoxy-5,5-dimethyl-3-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-hexan-5-ol] (BAS111); trimethylonylpolyethoxyethanol (WK surfactant).
Abstract
Operation management techniques, such as linear programming (LP), can provide producers and managers with greater quantities of information and, from this, more informed, up-to-date decisions can be made. Linear programming techniques were applied to data from ten container plant nurseries to determine possible production systems, their inputs, and to maximize profit. Models were developed for large (average, 27 ha) and small (average, 5 ha) container nurseries. Plant type and container size were used interactively as decision variables (activities) in the models. The small nursery model had 44 plant type alternatives and the large nursery model had 87. Resources included in the constraints were equipment, materials, and labor used to produce each plant type. The actual constraint values determined from survey information are provided, as well as a multiperiod model and a theoretical model.