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Soil-water repellency is often a problem for turfgrass grown on sand soils. Wetting agents used to alleviate repellency often provide mixed results. We evaluated AquagroL and an experimental material (ACA 864) at 0, 7, 14, and 21ml/m2 applied monthly to tifgreen bermuda grown on a soil-water repellent Margate fine sand over 6 months. Alleviation of repellency was based upon water drop penetration time (WDPT). Wetting agents did not effect turf quality, cover, or discoloration. Wetting agents did not reduce repellency 1 month after initial application. At 2 months, ACA 864 at 21ml/m2 significantly reduced WDPT. With repeat applications, lower rates of ACA 864 provided reductions in WDPT similar to the highest rate of ACA 864, suggesting an additive effect over time. There was a decline in WDPT for all wetting agent treatments, except the control, over time. Repellency decreased with soil depth, and repeat wetting agent application reduced WDPT at lesser depth.
Abstract
The chemical 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA 1,2) has been reported by workers in the United States (1,2,3,4,8) and other countries (6,7) to influence flower bud initiation and branch angle of apple trees. This report describes injury to fruits and pedicels of Golden Delicious and to foliage of Golden Delicious, Delicious and Winesap apple trees from the application of 25 ppm TIBA about 4 weeks after bloom in North Central Washington.
Ferry-Morse Seed Company is trying to market worm castings to their customers. Murray State University was asked to compare different percentages of worm castings for use with both bedding plants/vegetables and houseplants. Recommended application rates for worm castings was not to exceed 30%. Two plants were chosen to represent the plant categories deemed important to the consumer: tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum `Rutgers') and spider plant (Chlorophytum comosum). Treatment percentages for worm castings were 0% for a control and 10%, 20%, and 30% were incorporated into a soilless media substrate. Treatment 1 consisted of worm castings/soilless media alone and Treatment 2 consisted of worm castings/soilless media with the addition of Peters Professional All-Purpose 20–20–20 fertilizer at 100 ppm nitrogen. Tomatoes were grown from seed and the spider plant propagules were harvested from greenhouse stock plants and sized into small, medium, and large depending on weight. Tomatoes were harvested at 6 weeks and spider plants at 10 weeks. All tomatoes in Treatment 1 had poor visual consumer quality. Visual quality for Treatment 2 tomatoes was best in 20% and 30%. No significant differences were found in Treatment 1 regarding shoot and root weights. Treatment 2 showed significant differences in dry and fresh weight between the control and 20% and 30%. There were visual quality differences with spider plants in Treatment 2 and also significant differences in shoot and root weights between control and all percentages of worm castings in Treatment 2. Based on plant performances, a recommendation to Ferry-Morse Seed Company was to market worm castings in conjunction with a regular fertilizer schedule for maximum plant quality.
Abstract
Exacum affine Balb. plants grown at 85, 183, or 345 μE m-2s-1 from fluorescent and incandescent lamps flowered most rapidly at 345 μE m-2s-1. Plants grown at 183 μE m-2s-1 energy level were slower to flower, but plant forms were more acceptable commercially.
Abstract
Stem cuttings of Rhododendron maximum L. and Kalmia latifolia L. were successfully rooted when treated with a talc formulation of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxypropionic acid (fenoprop). K. latifolia cuttings taken in September rooted better than cuttings propagated in October or November. Rooting response was the same among native populations or field-grown stock. Osmocote (18N–2.6P–10K) incorporated in the rooting medium reduced rooting.
Abstract
A container was designed with 4 internal stair-step sections that prevent roots from growing in circles, and stimulates root branching. The additional root branching increased root growth away from the container following transplanting of Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.), and improved the number of branches per plant on Gardenia jasminoides Ellis., Pyracantha x ‘Mojave’, Photinia x ‘Fraseri’ and Lagerstroemia indica L.
A study was conducted to determine the effects of various cultural practices on enhancing earlier and more uniform budbreak of Perlette grapevines grown in the Coachella Valley of California. Post-harvest irrigation treatments were imposed approximately July 1 for three consecutive years. This included cut-off dates (Sept 15 and Nov 15) and various irrigation amounts based upon a standard treatment in which continued vegetative growth was inhibited. The application of hydrogen cyanamide or lack of also was included in the experimental design. In 1989 and 1990, the early irrigation cutoff date resulted in earlier dates of budbreak compared to the late cutoff. Vines irrigated with the most water had delayed budbreak compared with those irrigated with less. There were significant (p < 0.05) interactions between irrigation amounts and cyanamide applications. The results indicate that the amount and timing of post-harvest irrigations in conjunction with cyanamide will promote earlier and more uniform budbreak of vines grown in the desert.
A study was conducted to determine the effects of various cultural practices on enhancing earlier and more uniform budbreak of Perlette grapevines grown in the Coachella Valley of California. Post-harvest irrigation treatments were imposed approximately July 1 for three consecutive years. This included cut-off dates (Sept 15 and Nov 15) and various irrigation amounts based upon a standard treatment in which continued vegetative growth was inhibited. The application of hydrogen cyanamide or lack of also was included in the experimental design. In 1989 and 1990, the early irrigation cutoff date resulted in earlier dates of budbreak compared to the late cutoff. Vines irrigated with the most water had delayed budbreak compared with those irrigated with less. There were significant (p < 0.05) interactions between irrigation amounts and cyanamide applications. The results indicate that the amount and timing of post-harvest irrigations in conjunction with cyanamide will promote earlier and more uniform budbreak of vines grown in the desert.
Abstract
A gene conditioning the 3-type resistance reaction to Venturia inaequalis Cke. (Wint.), recovered from M. micromalus Mak., is shown to be carried at the Vf locus, and thus allelic with similar genes recovered from 10 other Malus species and forms. Malus micromalus and M. atrosanguinea (Spaeth) Schneid. 804 are shown to carry allelic genes conditioning the pit-type of resistant reaction. The symbol Vm is assigned to this locus.
Abstract
The application of cytokinins and gibberellins alone and in combination to ‘Delicious’ apples just after full bloom affected fruit shape by increasing the length-to-diameter ratio of the fruits. Cytokinins caused fruits to be longer with prominent well-developed calyx lobes. The treated fruit had the appearance of fruits grown where early season temperatures are cool. Gibberellin A4 + A7 caused fruits to be longer but did not appreciably affect the development of the calyx lobes.