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were selected randomly among the different cultivars per treatment for the described salinity analysis. Leaf greenness (or relative chlorophyll content) was measured using a handheld chlorophyll meter (measured as the optical density, SPAD reading

higher root zone electrical conductivity, which causes lower gas exchange rates, shoot DW, and SPAD readings ( Niu et al., 2011 ). Increasing N supply may decrease NupE and lead to more N runoff to the environment ( Syvertsen and Smith, 1996

for deficiency symptoms and chlorophyll measurements (Minolta- 502 SPAD meter; Spectrum Technologies, Inc., Plainfield, IL) were taken with five readings on five independent recently matured leaves per bucket every other day. All plants were harvested

. Leaf chlorophyll measurements were taken weekly until harvest using the SPAD 502 Chlorophyll meter (SPAD 502; Minolta Co. Ltd., Japan). Five readings were taken from randomly selected plants with recently expanded, mature leaves in each plot and

trees grown in Aldama, Chihuahua, Mexico. z There was a good correlation between the SPAD readings and chlorophyll concentration at the L5 stage, water stage of the nut ( Fig. 1 ). All Zn treatments increased total leaf area when compared with the

that, most of the time, leaf SPAD in N 1 was close to that in N 2 , but they were both significantly higher than that in N 3 . Leaf area index had a similar trend ( Fig. 9B ) as the SPAD reading among the N treatments. No significant differences were

similar middle positions of shoots for all living plants in each treatment using a portable chlorophyll meter (measured as the optical density, SPAD reading; Minolta Camera Co., Osaka, Japan) at the end of the experiment (19 June). Chlorophyll fluorescence

readings, averaged from measurements at six locations on each leaf, were obtained with a chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502; Minolta, Osaka, Japan). Leaf chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b weremeasured spectrophotometrically in the laboratory in 80% acetone

mL·L −1 ) z to plants grown in containers maintained at three target substrate volumetric water contents (TVWCs) (Expt. 1; n = 72). Leaf greenness, photosynthesis, and midday stem water potential (Expt. 1). SPAD readings were greatest using the 0

dewatered aquaculture effluent (AE) from a freshwater nile tilapia production system at 0, 16, and 36 d after planting (DAP) and SPAD readings at 36 DAP. The experiment was performed in a gutter-connected, twin-wall polycarbonate greenhouse at the Paterson