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cultured on the growth medium (MS + 0.5 mg·L −1 6-BA + 0.5 mg·L −1 IBA) (bar = 1 cm). One hundred and fifty-three Malus germplasm accessions were used for the assessment of genetic diversity in regeneration capacity, including 11 Chinese domestic

of Agriculture and Consumer Services) in Winter Haven, FL, using the previously used 1536-SNP genotyping assay ( Yu et al., 2016 , 2017 , 2018 ), and to determine their SNP fingerprints and to assess genetic diversity, population structure, and

genetic diversity and population structure of hazelnut, such as random amplified polymorphic DNA [RAPD ( Galderisi et al., 1999 ; Miaja et al., 2001 )], simple sequence repeat [SSR ( Boccacci et al., 2006 , 2008 ; Gökirmak et al., 2009 ; Gürcan et al

; Jung et al., 1998 ), phenotypic band pattern similarities ( Jung et al., 1997 ; Roh et al., 2007 ), and insufficient conclusion validity ( Roh et al., 2007 ). Presently, we aimed to determine the genetic relationship and degree of diversity between

., 2005 ; Tetteh et al., 2010 ; Thies et al., 2010 , 2015 ). Genetic diversity analysis is fundamental for effective breeding and systematic genetic conservation. Various molecular markers have been used to assess genetic variability in watermelon such

with evergreen azaleas, is a common plant in eastern U.S. landscapes ( Galle, 1987 ). The level of genetic diversity among species has been addressed in a previous study ( Scheiber et al., 2000 ), yet no research has described the amount of genetic

widely used in analyzing genetic relationships and diversity. For example, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to analyze 18 chrysanthemum cultivars ( Chrysanthemum ×grandiflora ) ( Qin et al., 2002 ). Miao et al. (2007) classified

., 2002 ). To date, ISSR marker was highly polymorphism and widely used in genetic diversity, genome fingerprinting, phylogenetic, and evolution biology of different species ( Mao and Fang, 2014 ; Zhang et al., 2014 ). Recently, studies on genetic

plant species, molecular markers are best suited for estimation of genetic diversity and varietal identification. Besides their unlimited numbers, molecular markers are unaffected by environmental and developmental stage. Use of molecular markers gains

Peach ( Prunus persica L.) is native to China and has been cultivated in China for the past 4000 to 5000 years ( Ahmad et al., 2011 ; Maynard, 2008 ; Thacker, 1985 ). The homogeneity of peach recently resulted in the erosion of genetic diversity