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. Synthetic growth regulators were exploited in every possible way to solve practical problems. The emergence of the source-sink concept (≈1980) partially replaced the hormonal hypothesis. The source-sink hypothesis claims that carbohydrate levels control the

. Materials and Methods Approach to carbon footprinting of orchard production systems. An orchard production system is both a source and a sink of CO 2 equivalent emissions ( Audsley, 1997 ; OECD, 1999 ). The CO 2 e emissions occur from the use of management

plants Photosynthetica 17 1 11 Tanaka, A. Fujita, K. 1974 Nutrio-physiological studies on the tomato plant. IV. Source-sink relationship and structure of the source-sink unit Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 20 305 315

bud burst and fruit quality the next season was assessed. The practices chosen (pruning and cropload) had the potential to alter source:sink relationships and are readily applicable in commercial orchards. Summer pruning is a commonly used practice to

the developmental stage and source-sink relationships ( Privé et al., 1994 ). Late-season production based on summer pruning of primocane-fruiting cultivars is a low input system that can give high yields with good fruit quality. Pruning date and

( Costes et al., 2008 ). But L-PEACH is the first model to simulate growth and carbon source–sink relationships within the architectural framework of a peach tree over multiple years. Moreover, L-systems allow multiple interactions with the model

, 1989 ; Menzel, 1984 ; Mustard et al., 1953 ; Yuan and Huang, 1993 ). The relationship between fruit growth and source/sink strength has been demonstrated by trunk girdling and fruit thinning experiments in peach [ Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] ( Pavel

, especially during summer, is still a big challenge because the yield is determined by several factors such as sink/source ratio, pollen activity, and fruit set. Studies have been done regarding the effects of high temperature on fruit growth, fruit load

; Gadagi et al., 2004 ). Finally, the source–sink relationships as modified by crop management and environmental factors, including abiotic and biotic stresses, may alter biomass and N partitioning and hence the N a UE when calculated on a part of the whole

compensated for by decreases in fruit size and yield ( Balibrea et al., 1999 ; Ehret and Ho, 1986 ). The sugar content of the fruit is determined by the complex interaction between source and sink metabolism. Modifications of fruit sink metabolism have been