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ecotype or source-identified seeds) are more genetically and phenotypically diverse than accessions of that species that have been subjected to a selection process ( Hilker and Jurgenson, 2003 ). Broader genetic diversity estimates of ecotypes will

single population, localized to one island in Japan. Therefore, most crapemyrtle breeding programs seek new genetic combinations by crossing existing cultivars to create new combinations of ornamental traits. Genetic diversity estimates are critical for

. orientalis natural habitat, trees exhibit a range of vegetative and fruit characters ( Güleryüz, 1988 ). Fruit are often small (2–3.5 cm), sour/sweet, astringent, and bitter ( Khoshbakht and Hammer, 2005 ). Evaluations of genetic diversity of wild Malus

germplasm, efforts have been made on a worldwide scale to collect and preserve genetic diversity. In Tarragona, the diverse local hazelnut germplasm was investigated by Tasias Valls (1975) , who assigned cultivars to three groups: I) one main cultivar

enable the association of heritable traits with underlying genomic variation ( Duran et al., 2009 ). SSRs, whose advantages include codominance, high allele diversity, high stability, and simple operation, have been widely used in genetic diversity

identify cultivars, verify pedigrees, and study genetic diversity in many clonally propagated crops, including bunch grape ( Dangl et al., 2001 ; Franks et al., 2002 ; This et al., 2006 ), blackberry [ Rubus subgenus Rubus sp. ( Zurn et al., 2018

genetic variation has also been applied to determine whether breeding for white pine blister rust ( Cronartium ribicola ) has affected diversity in western white pine ( Pinus monticola ) ( Kim et al., 2003 ). A previous microsatellite analysis of wild A

used in lawns, sports fields, and shaded turf ( Zheng et al., 2005 ). The development and application of DNA-based molecular markers has revolutionized the study of genetic diversity ( Kalendar et al., 2011 ). DNA-based molecular markers are often

. Some studies of the genetic diversity of P. sojae have been reported ( Galley et al., 2007 ; Mohammadi et al., 2014 ; Silvina et al., 2011 ; Wu et al., 2013 , 2017 ). The first phylogenetic analysis of P. sojae was performed; its taxonomy and

diverse parental genotypes ( Gurmu et al., 2013 ; Martin, 1965 ). The application of molecular approaches will be critical for exploiting heterosis for sweetpotato improvement; genetic markers will be required for analysis of diversity among parental