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status in certain crops ( Azia and Stewart, 2001 ; Himelrick et al., 1993 ; Ruiz-Espinoza et al., 2010 ). Growth index is an indirect measurement of plant biomass production and performance and uses either plant canopy volume or stem elongation as basis

treatment application. The number of flowers that developed on new growth (Expt. 1); canopy volume (Expt. 2); and leaf, stem, root, and total dry plant weights were determined at the end of one growing season. Completely random designs with five (Expt. 1) or

.1 m wide with normal upright growth habit ( Fig. 2 ) yielding a canopy volume of 32.7 m 3 . Scion circumference for ‘US Early Pride’ 10 cm above the graft union on ‘Swingle’ rootstock was 55 cm; ‘Swingle’ rootstock circumference 10 cm below the graft

. This may be an effect of the decreased canopy volume in the heavy pruned plants compared with moderate and nonpruned plants ( Kovaleski et al., 2015a ). Although Salvo et al. (2012) concluded that the number of inflorescence buds per plant is the most

tree volume as an exponential function of tree height. Since the amount of spray required for adequate deposition and coverage is determined by canopy volume, the exponential function to express this relationship of canopy volume between the spray

mounted in satellites, aerial vehicles, or tractors ( Mulla, 2013 ). Among them, light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology has arisen as a precise tool to estimate the canopy volume of fruit trees ( Pallejà et al., 2010 ). Although this technology is

: rootstock, location, tree age, planting framework, canopy volume, harvest time, and days from application to harvest. The experimental design and treatments (applications of ethephon and harvesting) are described in detail in the work of Moreno et al. (2015

cultivars and more traditional ones that do not fruit until much older. In a previous study ( Rosati et al., 2017 ), we found that tree growth, in terms of both tree diameter and canopy volume increments, was inversely related to tree yield across 12

was evaluated in the orchard using a subjective leaf abscission score (LAS) of 0 (no defoliation), 1 (light defoliation), 2 (moderate defoliation), and 3 (severe defoliation, greater than 50% canopy volume). Average maximum, minimum, and overall

) in shady parts of the canopy ( Olesen et al., 2011 ). Furthermore, canopy management practices that promote strong, vertical, vegetative regrowth in mature trees inhibit flowering on a canopy volume basis ( Olesen et al., 2016 ). There was evidence