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nitrate (15.5N–0P–0K; cumulative 47 g N per tree) within 8 weeks of planting and 20 g P per tree as ammonium polyphosphate (10N–15P–0K) soon after planting on 4 June 1998. Beginning in 1999, a randomized complete block, split-plot experimental design was

of mixing fungicides with insecticides although fungicides are routinely mixed with insecticides and miticides ( Cloyd, 2009a ). Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (KleenGrow™; Pace 49, Burnaby, BC, Canada) is a disinfectant with algicide, bactericide

Africa)] and ammonium phosphite [386 g·L −1 a.i. (300 g·L −1 phosphorous acid equivalent) (Brilliant; Arysta LifeScience, Umhlanga, South Africa)] were applied according to label rates to treated trees. In the case of the potassium phosphite, it was 570

m long and 4.6 m or three rows wide. Ammonium nitrate fertilizer was broadcast by hand and incorporated before planting at 0, 65, 110, 220, and x kg N/ha, where x was 165 kg N/ha in 2004 and 30 kg N/ha in all other years. In 2004 and at Louisville

laboratory incubation experiment conducted at the University of California-Davis in 2008. These fertilizers were formulated from a variety of feedstocks, including fishery wastes, seabird guano, and plant materials. Ammonium (NH 4 -N) and nitrate-nitrogen (NO

Cu–0.05Mo–-1Zn, The Scotts Co., Marysville, OH) at 0.9 kg·m −3 and dolomitic lime at 4.8 kg·m −3 and they were fertilized with 3.6 m m ammonium nitrate (100 mg·L −1 N) and 2 m m potassium phosphate. A final group of containers were filled with

sprigging (WAS) 6. Urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate were applied at 1.7 or 3.4 g N/m 2 /week from WAS 3 to 10. From WAS 11 to 12, half rates of N were applied. In both years, the plots were first mowed in late June (40 d after sprigging) at a

discarded to prevent possible contamination by fertilizer prills and three cores per plot were pooled for analysis. Soil pH was determined from deionized water extractions, nitrate–nitrogen (NO 3 -N) and ammonium–nitrogen (NH 4 -N) were extracted with 2 M

corresponded to the amount of pruning wood typically observed on the ground from light to heavy pruning. The inorganic nitrogen (ammonium sulfate) treatment (N1) included rates of nitrogen at 15.2, 30.5, 45.7, and 61.0 kg·ha −1 to adjust the C : N ratio of

subsequently. The following treatments were evaluated: 1) crimson clover; 2) poultry litter; 3) crimson clover + poultry litter; 4) ammonium nitrate; and 5) untreated control. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design using six replications