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Mo, Y. Nagel, C. Taylor, L.P. 1992 Biochemical complementation of chalcone synthase mutants defines a role for flavonols in functional pollen. Proceedings of the Nat. Acad. Sci. of the United States of Amer. 89(15):7213–7217 Polya, G.M. Klucis, E

simplex , simplified from the petunia flavonoid pathway, as in Holton and Cornish (1995) and Tornielli et al. (2009). CHS = chalcone synthase, CHI = chalcone flavanone isomerase; F3H = flavanone 3-hydroxylase; F3′H and F3′5′H = flavonoid 3′ and 3

. Nova 37 667 671 Tahara, S. 2007 A journey of twenty-five years through the ecological biochemistry of flavonoids Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 71 387–404 Tai, D. Tian, J. Zhang, J. Song, T. Yao, Y. 2014 A Malus crabapple chalcone synthase gene, McCHS

, chalcone isomerase, chalcone synthase, and anthocyanidin synthase) and affect the expression of transcription factor genes ( MYB10 , MYB1 , and MYB5 ) in the flavonoid pathway ( Miao et al., 2016 ). The colored plastic films used in this study may have

Myb C and Myc transcription factors in E13GB42. Chalcone synthase is the first and key regulatory enzyme of flavonoid biosynthesis. Dihydroflavonols are subsequently converted to a colorless leucoanthocyanidin by dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, the

control, cardiovascular disease prevention, and diabetes alleviation ( He and Giusti, 2010 ; Sun et al., 2012 ; Zheng et al., 2020 ). Anthocyanin synthesis is a metabolic pathway catalyzed by multiple enzymes, including chalcone synthase (CHS

isolated and characterized in this study. CHS = chalcone synthase; CHI = chalcone isomerase; FNS = flavone synthase; F3H = flavanone 3-hydroxylase; F3′H = flavonoid, 3′-hydroxylase; F3′5′H = flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase; DFR = dihydroflavonol 4-reductase

= timing of cab expression 1 , HY5 = long hypocotyl 5 , FT = flowering locus T , GI = gigantea , CO = CONSTANS , CHS = Chalcone and stilbene synthase , SPA1 = suppressor of phyA-105 , ELF3 = early flowering 3 . Circadian clocks are

. Sci. 71 812 817 Katz, A. Weiss, D. 1999 Light regulation of anthocyanin accumulation and chalcone synthase gene expression in Petunia flowers Isr. J. Plant Sci. 47 225 229 Keevil, J

Plant Physiol. 122 107 116 Christie, J.M. Jenkins, G.I. 1996 Distinct UV-B and UV-A/blue light signal transduction pathways induce chalcone synthase gene expression in arabidopsis cells Plant Cell 8 1555 1567 Dixon, R.A. Paiva, N.L. 1995 Stress