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States to extend the availability of fresh produce for marketing and processing ( Williams, 2008 ). Use of variable sowing dates to control weeds is dependent on time of weed emergence. An awareness of the timing of weed emergence facilitates the planting

level of weed control may not always be achieved with the use of herbicides applied before weed emergence ( Amador-Ramirez, 2002 ). However, the majority of the herbicides available for weed control in pepper are only selective to pepper when applied as

polyethylene mulch production systems ( Duniway, 2002 ; Schneider et al., 2003 ). The phaseout of methyl bromide due to health and environmental concerns has complicated weed management, especially control of nutsedge species in polyethylene mulch vegetable

Pyrimisulfan is a sulfonanilide herbicidal inhibitor of ALS with structural similarity to bispyribac-sodium and pyrithiobac-sodium ( Asakura et al., 2012 ). Pyrimisulfan is used for both pre- and postemergence weed control in rice ( Oryza stricta L

). Thus, nonchemical (mainly mulches) and integrated weed control method (herbicide + mulches) need to be further evaluated ( Yu and Marble, 2022 ). In recent years, researchers have again been exploring using nonchemical or integrated weed control

Organic production systems rely heavily on cultural and mechanical weed control, with minimal dependence on herbicides that are approved for use in certified organic crops. Herbicides allowed for use in certified organic production systems are

, 2005 ; Ngouajio and McGiffen, 2004 ). Currently, polyethylene (plastic) film-mulches are the primary mulch used in vegetable production for in-row weed control; however, weed control between rows can be a significant challenge for some producers. Weeds

Weed management in container plant production is challenging, primarily due to limited postemergence herbicide options and the consequential need for supplemental hand weeding ( Case et al., 2005 ). Currently, weed control in container nurseries is