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highly abundant transcripts (present at >0.15% of total EST reads) are listed in Table 3 . The predicted functions included latex-related proteins, and proteins associated with lipids, growth, protein synthesis, defense, phloem transport, and

oven at 70 °C for 48 h to obtain dry weight (DW). Values of FW, TW, and DW were used to determine the LRWC using the following equation: Lipid peroxidation (measurement of MDA). Lipid peroxidation was estimated by determining the MDA contents according

stress and lipid peroxidation of lily roots, increased the content of H 2 O 2 and MDA, and induced the changes of activities of antioxygen protective enzymes and the content of total phenol. Other research demonstrates the phytotoxicity of PA, which

proposed that CMNP-induced lipid signaling in FT promotes abscission in calyx AZ ( Alferez et al., 2005 ). CMNP-mediated higher levels of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and LOX activities were observed in FT ( Alferez et al., 2005 ). However, inhibitory studies

, whereas ‘Mister Lincoln” and ‘Knockout’ were reported as highly resistant ( Holcomb and Raiford, 2001 ; Hong et al., 2001 ). For all cuticle lipid analysis, the central, terminal leaflets were excised from newly expanded leaves at the third node from the

species (ROS), potentially causing oxidative injury to proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Plants have evolved enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems for scavenging and detoxifying ROS ( Mittler, 2002 ). In enzymatic systems, superoxide

. At optimum supplementation, N stimulates growth, delays senescence, modifies plant morphology, increases protein synthesis, and chloroplast formation as well as the concentration of chlorophylls, carotenoids, vitamins, and lipids in leaves ( Marschner

cells were present near the distal position of the larval chamber and five layers of cells at the proximal part of the gall in cross-section. Large, intact nutritive cells had large nuclei and nucleoli ( Fig. 8 ). Numerous lipid bodies, mitochondria, and

water potential. In addition, the level of lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and amino acid contents such as proline increase ( Dong et al., 2012 ; Nogués et al., 2002 ; Sun et al., 2017 ; Wang et al., 2012 ). FOph management in cape gooseberry has

the same time, protein and lipid bodies were formed and accumulated within the embryo proper. At 180 DAP, the mature embryo filled with storage products that was only six cells long and five to six cells wide ( Fig. 3D ). Apical meristems and cotyledon