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the second objective was to recommend fertilizer rates that optimize these same factors. We chose to use response surface methodology and canonical analysis as aids in modeling and examining the relationships between fertilizer rates and plant

rapidly during storage with less than 1% germinating after 5 d of storage. Yates et al. (1986) optimized the germination solution to 15% sucrose, 0.05% Ca(NO 3 ) 2 , and 0.01% H 3 BO 3 , but also found that pecan pollen loses viability in a matter of

this research was to optimize the production of triploid watermelon by comparing the use of commercially available pollenizers. Individual pollenizers were compared as well as combinations of two pollenizers. Planting arrangement was tested by comparing

) necessitates optimization of protocols for culture initiation and maintenance. Although somatic embryogenesis from Vitis was reported previously ( Carmi et al., 2005 ; Gray and Mortensen, 1987 ; Kikkert et al., 2005 ; Perrin et al., 2001 ), few varieties

in the expression of Fe-efficiency capacities in these plants. These mechanisms may probably be related to the special ability of these plants to optimize the metabolic use of the Fe present in the shoot ( Briat et al., 2007 ). This optimization of

; Fitch et al., 2011 ). In this study we demonstrate using leaf explants in which the protocol can be optimized to efficiently transform even the most difficult-to-transform genotypes. Materials and Methods Cultivars and explants. Eight cultivars of A

As the Pacific Northwest fruit industry shifts to precision-based management strategies for their orchards, tools are needed to understand tree physiology in the orchard to optimize fruit quality. Leaf area index is the ratio between the summed area

), the regeneration potential was strongly genotype-dependent and needs optimization for each individual genotype, explant type, and culture stage. Adventitious shoot regeneration in ‘Golden Delicious’ was previously achieved with a frequency of ≈25% to

value of stored walnuts and eventually complete loss of marketability. As walnut acreage and yields have increased in recent years, the length of storage and potential for quality degradation have also increased, making it more important to optimize

without considering the plant size, shape, or pest location that plants are often undersprayed or oversprayed ( Fessler et al., 2020 ). Optimizing spray applications is necessary to address increasing pesticide expenses, limited labor availability