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by Bedding Plants Foundation, Inc., and the Danish Academy of Science. We thank Kai L. Nielsen, Carl-Otto Ottosen, and David Beattie for valuable comments.

Floriculture crops represent a $4.2 billion industry in the United States with bedding plants accounting for ≈44% of their total wholesale value ( USDA, 2009 ). In the last 17 years, there has been a change in the retailing of floriculture crops

the Western Michigan Bedding Plant Growers Assn. We express our appreciation to the Ball Seed Co. for the donation of seed. The cost of publishing this paper was defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. Under postal regulations, this paper

et al., 2006 ; Strauss and Dillard, 2009 ). Annual bedding plants are widely used and highly valued in landscapes in private homes, public parks, and around commercial properties. The U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Statistics Service

with saline water were most affected during the hottest and driest periods of summer ( Fox et al., 2005 ; Niu et al., 2007 ). As more low-quality water is used for landscape irrigation, demand for salt-tolerant bedding plants will increase in arid

Typical annual bedding plant production in northern latitudes (≥40°N) occurs from midwinter to spring in heated greenhouses. Unfortunately, greenhouse heating can account for 10% to 30% of operating costs for these greenhouse operations ( Lopez and

avoid damage to nontarget ornamental and bedding plant species. Irrigation restrictions for herbicides applied to water have two components. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) establishes acceptable concentrations or tolerances of

agricultural water use ( Lea-Cox and Ross, 2001 ). To comply with new regulations, it has become important to optimize water use in greenhouse production in the United States. Bedding plants are among the most important greenhouse crops in the United States ( U

Ornamental bedding plants represent the largest sector of the floriculture industry in the Unites States and have a wholesale value of $1.96 billion accounting for 45% of all floriculture crops ( U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2014 ). In the last

primarily on organic food. However, because consumers consider organic production to be environmentally safer than conventional production, they may be interested in purchasing nonedible crops such as bedding plants and cut flowers. This may represent a new