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levels in cultural solutions. Bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon ), centipedegrass ( Eremochloa ophiuroides ), zoysiagrass ( Zoysia japonica and Zoysia matrella ), seashore paspalum ( Paspalum vaginatum ), and st. augustinegrass ( Stenotaphrum secundatum

characteristics of seashore paspalum or ‘Diamond’ zoysiagrass, a study by Dunn et al. (1981) assessing ‘Meyer’ zoysiagrass ( Zoysia japonica ) reported thatch-mat depth accumulations between 19 and 39 mm when mowed at a 19-mm height, which mostly exceeded the

2,4-D with a lower concentration of cytokinins in the callus induction medium resulted in the formation of very compact embryogenic callus structure in zoysiagrass [ Zoysia japonica ( Chai et al., 2011 )]. However, in our study, the embryogenic

bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon L.) and centipedegrass ( Eremochloa ophiuroides ) ( Sartain and Volk, 1984 ) and weight loss of bermudagrass pellets, St. Augustinegrass [ Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze], and zoysiagrass ( Zoysia japonica Stued

activities, maintaining the integrity of cell membranes, and increasing photosynthetic efficiency (higher maximum quantum yield of PSII) in Zoysia japonica ( Xu et al., 2013 ). CaCl 2 treatment also alleviated water deficit-induced damages and increased

under zoysiagrass ( Zoysia japonica Steud.) watered at the onset of wilt had roots extracting water at depths greater than 50 cm, whereas soil under turf previously watered daily did not exhibit a similar drying pattern ( Qian and Fry, 1996

). Traditionally, the main turfgrasses grown in the transition zone are zoysiagrass ( Zoysia japonica Steud.), bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], Kentucky bluegrass ( Poa pratensis L.), and tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) ( Beard, 1973

( Agrostis spp.), tall fescue, bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy], and zoysiagrass ( Zoysia japonica Steud.) ( DaCosta and Huang, 2006 ; Fu et al., 2004 ). In regions where periods of drought are typically short

sod of five warm-season grasses, Doss et al. (1960) found that rooting depth was decreased for all species as the amount of water applied was increased. Qian and Fry (1996) examined the effect on water extraction by zoysiagrass ( Zoysia japonica

a mechanism of interference between many plant species. Allelopathic effects of perennial ryegrass on bermudagrass have been suggested but not examined. Perennial ryegrass has been reported to have inhibitory effects on ‘Zenith’ zoysiagrass ( Zoysia