number of reports indicate that embryogenic and organogenic regeneration pathways can be induced under identical culture conditions in some species ( Castillo et al., 2000 ; Fiore et al., 1997 ; Pasternak et al., 1999 ). TDZ, which is used for culture
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Seong Min Woo and Hazel Y. Wetzstein
Zhi-li Suo, Xiao-qing Zhao, Jian-peng Zhao, Xiao-chong Zhao, and Fu-fei Chen
valuable material for scientific research on evolution of tree peony cultivars, metabolic pathways of pigments in the floral disc, origin of floral disc in Paeoniaceae, and other issues in evolutionary and developmental genetics. Availability
Kathleen G. Haynes, Beverly A. Clevidence, David Rao, Bryan T. Vinyard, and J. Marion White
pathway is complex and the regulation of carotenogenesis is poorly understood ( Romer and Fraser, 2005 ). Phytoene is the first step in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway and it is desaturated and isomerized into all-trans lycopene. Two possible
Xue Li, Chen Zang, Hang Ge, Jing Zhang, Donald Grierson, Xue-ren Yin, and Kun-song Chen
enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway, such as PAL, C4H, 4CL, hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:NADPH moxidoreductase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), etc ( Barros et al., 2015 ; Bonawitz and Chapple, 2012 ). Many of the coding genes for these enzymes have been
Jianfeng Liu, Bowen Yang, Yuetong Ming, Yuchu Zhang, and Yunqing Cheng
(BLAST) ( Altschul et al., 1990 ) was used to align them to NT and KEGG. Subsequently, GO annotations were obtained using Blast2GO (B2G) ( Conesa et al., 2005 ) with NR annotations, followed by GO classification analysis. The KEGG pathway functional
Craig Brodersen, Cody Narciso, Mary Reed, and Ed Etxeberria
, 1968 ). As the flow of photoassimilates is progressively obstructed by phloem necrosis, starch granules begin to accumulate in sieve elements and all parenchyma cell types along the radial and longitudinal transport pathway, but especially in
Zhou Li, Yan Peng, and Bingru Huang
tolerance to drought stress involves the activation of stress signaling transduction pathways, which include multiple transcriptional factors or genes ( Dortje et al., 2011 ). CDPK and MAPK are two critical kinases involved in Ca 2+ signaling
Nancy Ruiz-Lau, Fátima Medina-Lara, Yereni Minero-García, Luis W. Torres-Tapia, Sergio R. Peraza-Sánchez, and Manuel Martínez-Estévez
generally accepted that capsaicinoids are produced solely in pepper fruits, although the localization of the biosynthesis and accumulation pathways within the fruits has been debated ( Stewart et al., 2007 ). Within the pepper fruit, capsaicinoids chiefly
Bo Zhang, Xue-Ren Yin, Ji-Yuan Shen, Kun-Song Chen, and Ian B. Ferguson
Change in fruit volatile production is one of the main processes occurring during fruit ripening and senescence. Fatty acid-derived straight-chain aldehydes produced through the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway are widely found in many fruit ( Baldwin
Huiling Wang, Wei Wang, Weidong Huang, and Haiying Xu
flavonoids ( Wang et al., 2010 ). The enzymes responsible for each catalytic step of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in grapevine have been well characterized ( Petrussa et al., 2013 , Fig. 1 ). The first key enzyme of flavonoid biosynthesis is Vv CHS