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number of reports indicate that embryogenic and organogenic regeneration pathways can be induced under identical culture conditions in some species ( Castillo et al., 2000 ; Fiore et al., 1997 ; Pasternak et al., 1999 ). TDZ, which is used for culture

valuable material for scientific research on evolution of tree peony cultivars, metabolic pathways of pigments in the floral disc, origin of floral disc in Paeoniaceae, and other issues in evolutionary and developmental genetics. Availability

pathway is complex and the regulation of carotenogenesis is poorly understood ( Romer and Fraser, 2005 ). Phytoene is the first step in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway and it is desaturated and isomerized into all-trans lycopene. Two possible

enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway, such as PAL, C4H, 4CL, hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:NADPH moxidoreductase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), etc ( Barros et al., 2015 ; Bonawitz and Chapple, 2012 ). Many of the coding genes for these enzymes have been

(BLAST) ( Altschul et al., 1990 ) was used to align them to NT and KEGG. Subsequently, GO annotations were obtained using Blast2GO (B2G) ( Conesa et al., 2005 ) with NR annotations, followed by GO classification analysis. The KEGG pathway functional

, 1968 ). As the flow of photoassimilates is progressively obstructed by phloem necrosis, starch granules begin to accumulate in sieve elements and all parenchyma cell types along the radial and longitudinal transport pathway, but especially in

tolerance to drought stress involves the activation of stress signaling transduction pathways, which include multiple transcriptional factors or genes ( Dortje et al., 2011 ). CDPK and MAPK are two critical kinases involved in Ca 2+ signaling

generally accepted that capsaicinoids are produced solely in pepper fruits, although the localization of the biosynthesis and accumulation pathways within the fruits has been debated ( Stewart et al., 2007 ). Within the pepper fruit, capsaicinoids chiefly

Change in fruit volatile production is one of the main processes occurring during fruit ripening and senescence. Fatty acid-derived straight-chain aldehydes produced through the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway are widely found in many fruit ( Baldwin

flavonoids ( Wang et al., 2010 ). The enzymes responsible for each catalytic step of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in grapevine have been well characterized ( Petrussa et al., 2013 , Fig. 1 ). The first key enzyme of flavonoid biosynthesis is Vv CHS