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of the potting media. The stem height:diameter ratio was calculated from these measurements. Root architectural variables included total root length (TRL), total surface area (TSA), and average diameter and were measured using a minirhizotron system

; Penella et al., 2017 ; Sabatino et al., 2018 ; Suchoff et al., 2019 ). In some cases, rootstocks provide scions an altered root architecture that reduces requirements for water and fertilizer inputs compared with nongrafted plants ( Colla et al., 2010

at 30°C and 40°C Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 31 959 973 10.1080/00103620009370490 Jacobs, D.F. Rose, R. Haase, D.L. 2003 Development of douglas-fir seedling root architecture in response to localized nutrient supply Can. J. For. Res. 33 118 125 10

, and metabolism resulting from increases in soil microbial activity, improvement of micronutrient mobility and solubility, modifications in the root architecture of plants, in particular root length, density and number of lateral roots, and increases in

.1007/s11104-006-0036-x Bowman, D.C. Cherney, C.T. Rufty, T.W. 2002 Fate and transport of nitrogen applied to six warm-season turfgrasses Crop Sci. 42 833 841 Bowman, D.C. Devitt, D.A. Engelke, M.C. Rufty, T.W. 1998 Root architecture affects nitrate

Mairhofer, S. Zappala, S. Tracy, S.R. Sturrock, C. Bennett, M. Mooney, S.J. Pridmore, T. 2012 RooTrak: Automated recovery of three-dimensional plant root architecture in soil from X-ray microcomputed tomography images using visual tracking Plant Physiol. 158

root architecture in strawberry and induced resistance to the root pathogen Phytophthora fragariae Plant Soil 185 191 198 Ozgonen, H. Erkilic, A. 2007 Growth enhancement and Phytophthora blight ( Phytophthora capsici Leonian) control by arbuscular

-3054.2007.00983.x Sukumar, P. Legue, V. Vayssières, A. Martin, F. Tuskan, G. Kalluri, U. 2013 Involvement of auxin pathways in modulating root architecture during beneficial plant–microorganism interactions Plant Cell Environ. 36 909 919 10.1111/pce.12036 Vadassery

concentrations of orthophosphate are extremely low and rarely exceed 10 µM ( Bieleski, 1973 ). Some plants have evolved strategies to optimize acquisition of P from soil, including modifications to root architecture to increase soil exploration, release of root

the root concentration of nitric oxide, IAA and ethylene do not explain the changes in root architecture caused by humic acid in cucumber Environ. Exp. Bot. 76 24 32 Muscolo, A. Cutrupi, S. Nardi, S. 1998 IAA detection in humic substances Soil Biol