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-COR, Lincoln, NE). The photoperiod of LEDs was set as 16 h light and 8 h dark. The photosynthesis photon flux level was adjusted to 70 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 for all lighting systems. Sampling procedure and data observation. The experiment was conducted in a growth

, artificial light is the sole light source for plant growth; photosynthetic photon flux ( PPF ), CO 2 concentration, air temperature, relative humidity, and air speed are well controlled for optimizing plant productivity and quality. The major advantages of

chambers at 25 °C under LD conditions (16/8 h light/dark) with 300 µmol·m −2 ·s −1 of white light. All of plants were cultivated in this climate chambers at first. Half of the plants were transferred to SD conditions (8/16 h light/dark) under a similar

, MA). As a result of the limitation of the radiation sensors to accurately measure artificial lighting above 650 nm (LED and HPS), a spectroradiometer (PS-100; Apogee Instruments) was used to calculate full spectrum irradiance (during the dark cycle

photomorphogenic effects. Certainly, a rich history of auxin participation in phototropic curvature has been documented, connecting this hormone to light-mediated responses. Rapid adjustment of gibberellins and auxins from their dark-abundant accumulation to their

humidity of 60%, and a photosynthetic photon flux density ( PPFD ) of 250 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 under fluorescent lamps (FHF32EX-N-H; Panasonic Corp., Kadoma, Japan) with a light:dark photoperiod of 12:12 h. After the cotyledons had fully expanded, the seedlings

sunlight, we mimic a real growing situation of commercial greenhouse production. The plant metabolism is regulated by photosynthesis and redox signals synchronized by the daily light-to-dark and other environmental cycles. Redox control, in addition to

described in Zheng et al. (2013) . Petri dishes containing newly cultured embryos were kept at 25 °C in a dark incubator. When the cultured embryos started to germinate, the plates were transferred into a constant temperature room with 16-h light period and

includes the entire growing cycle from sowing to harvesting. Commercially sold vegetables are valued according to FW, and the costs of light sources are typically calculated using the electricity consumed by the lighting system. Therefore, EY and PY may

:blue light for 5 d was significantly lower (resulting in darker foliage) than those under the control ( Table 3 ). As exposure to EOP SL increased from 3 to 14 d, L* values decreased for plants under LED treatments providing 100 µmol·m −2 ·s −1 . Additionally