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leaf discs, ≈0.1 g each in fresh weight (FW), were collected from the leaf 30 min before the light (pre-dawn) and the dark period (pre-dusk). Samples were frozen immediately in liquid N 2 and stored at –50 °C for further analyses as described

for carbohydrate production in the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle. However, not all light absorbed by photosynthetic pigments is used to drive the light reactions; a significant amount is dissipated as heat, and a small fraction is reemitted as

composes a dense crown covered with dark purple florets (purple–violet group 82A) with a light-yellow eye (yellow group 8D) ( Royal Horticulture Society, 2001 ). The spike inflorescence is composed of 20 to 30 florets. ‘Raider Amethyst’ blooms from late

been shown for plants grown in conditions in which light–dark cycles were unmatched to the endogenous circadian clock period of 24 h in plant mutants ( Dodd et al., 2005 ) and in wild-type plants in short-day conditions ( Hurd, 1973 ; Langton et al

under a 24-h photoperiod at 350 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 PPF in each case. The findings showed that wheat could complete a life cycle with red light alone, although added blue light produced larger plants with greater numbers of seeds. One percent blue (≈3

, and sometimes BC, are quickly converted to ZEA to maintain the integrity of the D1 protein of PSII ( Depka et al., 1998 ; Havaux et al., 2007 ; Polle et al., 2001 ). It may be possible that changes in light quality from SS LEDs can impact ZEA cycling

. Hort. 172 168 175 Cheung, C.Y.M. Poolman, M.G. Fell, D.A. Ratcliffe, R.G. Sweetlove, L.J. 2014 A diel flux balance model captures interactions between light and dark metabolism during day-night cycles in C 3 and crassulacean acid metabolism leaves

mechanism involves the conversion of V into Z. The interconversion of violaxanthin (V), antheraxanthin (A), and zeaxanthin (Z) (VAZ-cycle) plays an important role in NPQ. During exposure to excessive light, the enzyme violaxanthin deepoxidase (VDE) is

-COR, Lincoln, NE). The photoperiod of LEDs was set as 16 h light and 8 h dark. The photosynthesis photon flux level was adjusted to 70 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 for all lighting systems. Sampling procedure and data observation. The experiment was conducted in a growth

, artificial light is the sole light source for plant growth; photosynthetic photon flux ( PPF ), CO 2 concentration, air temperature, relative humidity, and air speed are well controlled for optimizing plant productivity and quality. The major advantages of