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µmol·m –2 ·s –1 . Fig. 2. Quantum yield of photosystem II (Φ PSII ) of ‘Green Towers’ lettuce as a function of photosynthetic photon flux density ( PPFD ) based on 35 d of constant diurnal monitoring. Closed symbols represent measurements taken before

, artificial light is the sole light source for plant growth; photosynthetic photon flux ( PPF ), CO 2 concentration, air temperature, relative humidity, and air speed are well controlled for optimizing plant productivity and quality. The major advantages of

Roberts, 1993 ; Pearson et al., 1995 ). Depending on the transmissivity of the cover material, the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD; I ) in the greenhouse can become considerably lower than that outside. In addition, some cover materials have

photosynthetic photon flux ( PPF ) of 160 µmol·m −2 ·s –1 . The subscript values after each LED type represent its percentage of the total PPF , and values in parentheses are the estimated phytochrome photoequilibrium ( Sager et al., 1988 ). Table 1. Actual air

leaves; however, they possess the ability to reacclimate to high light ( Lin and Hsu, 2004 ). Net photosynthetic rate of Phalaenopsis saturates at 130 to 180 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 photosynthetic photon flux ( PPF ) ( Lootens and Heursel, 1998 ; Ota et al

three times at each point from 2 Mar. 2017 to 27 Apr. 2017 at the main fruit stage of tomatoes. Fig. 2. Layout of the measuring points of a greenhouse compartment. Photosynthetic photon flux density was measured at the vertical and horizontal measuring

photon flux ( PPF ) of 160 ± 15 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 at the surface of the culture media. On day 14 after sowing, the seedling roots were detached from the medium, washed, and wrapped in a urethane cube. Sixty seedlings were placed in hydroponics solution

Veined’, and verbena ‘Superbena Royale Whitecap’ (top, middle, and bottom rows, respectively) grown at photosynthetic photon flux densities ( PPFDs ) of 90, 180, and 270 µmol·m −2 ·s −1 (left, center, and right columns, respectively). Plants were

flux density of white light-emitting diodes used in the experiment. Fig. 2. Morphological characteristics of cucumber seedlings grown under different combinations of photosynthetic photon flux density (P) and photoperiod (H) with same daily light

weeks after plants were placed under different indoor light intensities [photosynthetic photon flux ( PPF )]. Error bar indicates mean ± se (n = 5). Q indicates quadratic response to PPF , and log L indicates linear response to log PPF . ***, **, and