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. Applications alternated from side to side at every 2 weeks. At each irrigation time, trees in this treatment received 50% of the FS treatment; 3) full drip (FD). In this system, one drip line was installed in a 10-cm trench (subsurface), 30 cm away from and

, capillary mats had the highest net return of the systems ( Haydu et al., 2004 ). The objective of this study was to compare water application and plant performance during the maintenance of plants in a simulated retail nursery environment using capillary

spray drip into the pot), whereas root applications were applied four times per day through the irrigation system. Tomato plants did not experience water stress conditions for the time of the entire experiments. Fruit tissues were harvested 84 to 90 d

plant density. Seed costs would rise but can be compensated by an increase in output and, depending on market conditions, by higher profits per hectare ( Ban et al., 2006 ). One way to increase yield is to establish the crop in an “entrained” system

organic production systems rely on manures or composts as N sources. According to a poll conducted by the Organic Farming Research Foundation, compost and manure applications are regularly made by 57% and 22% of U.S. organic producers, respectively ( Walz

that the precision system allowed spray application rates to be reduced by 66% to 80% and increased spray deposition efficiency on the target plants by 2.5 to 3.7 times greater than conventional broadcast spraying. Real-time sensors for VRF. Development

hydroponic systems ( Tesoriero et al., 2010 ). It is a common practice in hydroponics to clean the system manually by basic cleaning or using black plastic sheets to reduce algal growth ( Vänninen and Koskula, 1998 ), but time for application and high use

applied to the plants continuously by a drip irrigation system. The pH and electrical conductivity (EC) of the nutrient solutions were controlled during application. Nutrient compositions, EC, and pH for each treatment are shown in Table 1 . Average

Service, 2014 ). In California and Florida, strawberry growers use the plastic-covered annual system with black plastic cover (plasticulture) with fall planting and spring harvest ( Gubler and Eastburn, 1988 ). In the mid-Atlantic, Northeast, and Midwest

field experiments ( Khripach et al., 2000 ). Plants have a natural array of defense mechanisms to protect themselves from pathogenic organisms. Recently, the generation and scavenging system of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has attracted increasing