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resistance to crown rot disease caused by Phytophthora cactorum in Fragaria vesca ( Davik et al., 2015 ); screening strawberry seedlings in field trials for resistance to V. dahlia, the causative agent of verticillium wilt ( Antanaviciute et al., 2015

‘Katz Lavender Blue’), zinnia ( Zinnia elegans ‘Benary Giant Scarlet’), dahlia ( Dahlia × hybrida ‘Karma Thalia Dark Fuschia’), lisianthus (Eustoma russellianum ‘Mariachi Blue’), and sunflower ( Helianthus annuus ‘Sunrich Yellow’ and ‘Premier Lemon

were not different from the control. Hatterman-Valenti and Mayland (2005) showed that sublethal rates of 2,4-D and dicamba reduced flowering of floss flower and sweet alyssum more than in dahlia ( Dahlia hortensis ), zonal geranium, impatiens, african

handling information is needed. Dole et al. (p. 593) found that cut stems of ‘Karma Thalia’ dahlia, ‘Sunrise’ lupine, ‘Indian Summer’ rudbeckia, ‘Jemmy Royal Purple’ trachelium, ‘Benary's Giant Scarlet’ zinnia, and ‘Sun Gold’ zinnia have excellent

fallow or cover crop, 1 or 2 years of rotational crops, and a 1- to 3-year nursery crop. Because fruit and nut plants are subject to infection by a number of soil-borne pests, including the pathogens Pythium spp. and Verticillium dahlia , parasitic

.M. Zenaida, V. Fanelli, F.L. Fonteno, W.F. 2009 Postharvest evaluation of cut dahlia, linaria, lupine, poppy, rudbeckia, trachelium, and zinnia HortTechnology 19 593 600 Dole, J.M. Carlson, A.S. Crawford, B.D. McCall, I.F. 2013 Vase life of new cut flowers

and photoperiod effects on growth and development of dahlia HortScience 118 36 42 https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.118.1.36 Cave, R.L. Hammer, G.L. McLean, G. Birch, C.J. Erwin, J.E. Johnston, M.E. 2013 Modelling temperature

germination percentage and increased time to germination, suggesting that the optimal temperature (T opt ) for germination is around 25 °C. T opt for rate of progress toward flowering varied from 19.1 °C for Dahlia ‘Figaro Mix’ to >30 °C (the highest

cut flower crops ( Reid and Jiang, 2012 ; van Doorn, 1996 ; Vehniwal and Abbey, 2019 ), including cestrum ( Abebie et al., 2008 ); bellflower, pincushion flower, hydrangea ( Clark et al., 2010 ); dahlia ( Dole et al., 2009 ); and sweet pea ( Elhindi

and/or conidiophores and conidial characteristics of V. dahliae . The seeds were also analyzed for the presence of V. dahlia with a real-time qPCR assay by using primers derived from β-tubulin of V. dahliae ( Duressa et al., 2012 ). All of the