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male-sterile line of C. oleifera was not completely infertile ( Chen et al., 2011 ). In that study, the pollen grains from sterile lines displayed more shrinkage and were irregularly shaped at the mature pollen stage, the pollen exine was thin, and

decreased sharply by 54.0% compared with IBU stage, which also the lowest among the four developmental stages. Starch grains distribution in peduncle. The distribution of iodine-stained starch grains in the peduncle varied with developmental stage

in castor ( Ricinus communis ) ( Lavres Júnior et al., 2012 ), and starch grain accumulation in cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata ) leaf chloroplasts ( Inbaraj and Muthuchelian, 2011 ). Foliar B application is a technique used to correct the deficiency of

of two male gametes (haploid sperm cells) from each pollen grain, with one to a haploid female gametophyte (egg) cell in the embryo sac to form the diploid zygote and the second fusing with the two polar nuclei at the center of the embryo sac to form

Instruments, Oxford, U.K.) was used to analyze pollen grains, which were sliced 1 μm thick and pasted on a glass slide. Results Calcium distribution Microspore mother cell stage. Camellia oleifera has typical anthers with five layers of somatic cells in the

at 60 °C for 4 h after being rinsed with distilled water five times. After maceration, the materials were rinsed again and stained with 0.01% aniline blue for 24 h. Slides were mounted with glycerol and kept in darkness. Pollen grain germination and

Schiff's reagent for 30 min, differentiated with sulphuric water at 1%, rinsed with distilled water, and mounted in a synthetic resin. Schiff's reagent stained carbohydrate compounds red. It made it possible to visualize cell walls and starch grains; 2

; Okada et al., 2006 ; Vanwynsberghe et al., 2005 ). In other perennial species [e.g., a haploid plant from a female gamete of ‘Banpeiyu’ pumelo ( Citrus grandis Osbeck)], fertile pollen grains have been reported ( Yahata et al., 2005 ). However

began to break; A = anther, Ac = archesporial cell, B = bract, Ed = endothecium, Ep = epidermis, fp = flower primordium, Ml = middle layer, P = perianth, Pg = pollen grain, Pmc = pollen mother cell, Pc = parietal cell, Sc = sporogenous cell, S = squamas

Planting date is an important factor affecting soybean grain yield and grain quality. Early planting is recommended for soybean production in the northern and upper Midwest United States ( De Bruin and Pedersen, 2008 ; Robinson et al., 2009