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, photosynthesis, and growth potential of grafted seedlings ( Zheng et al., 2010 ). They also substantially reduce nonphotochemical quenching and promote light energy absorption and utilization by grafted seedlings ( Li et al., 2017 ; Sang et al., 2017 ). Several

increase indicates a need for increased nonphotochemical quenching capacity, which suggests that the SB peel types received more irradiation than the NB peel type. However, the relative lack of differences among the SB peel types suggests 1) there is no

harvesters of photons. These energized compounds and the processes they drive (photosynthesis, nonphotochemical quenching) affect metabolism and therefore develop metabolic product states that are sensed and used as information within the cell. Retrograde

quenching (qP), and nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ), were measured using a chlorophyll fluorescence imager (CF Imager; Techologica, Essex, UK). All fluorescence measurements were performed five times following the first NPs treatment, once every 10 d. The

nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll fluorescence], which possibly limits the formation of chlorophyll triplets and prevents ROS from being produced ( Demmig-Adams and Adams, 1992 ). Lutein and β-carotene are also key components of the light

photosynthetic system II (PSII) ( Huner et al., 1998 ; Lichtenthaler et al., 2005 ): the maximal quantum yield ( F v / F m ) = ( F m − F o )/ F m ; the effective quantum yield (Φ PSII ) = ( F m ′ − F s )/ F m ′; nonphotochemical quenching (qN) = ( F m − F m