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et al., 2007 ; Jett, 2007 ; Lamont et al., 2006 ). Pesticide usage may be markedly decreased, however, and biological or cultural controls can play a significant role in pest management ( Heidenreich et al., 2007 ; Lamont et al., 2006 ). Less

, W. Stowell, L.J. 1999 Chemical and cultural controls for moss, Bryum argenteum , on putting greens Super Journal: PACE Turfgrass Research Institute 1 6 22 Mar. 2010 < http://www.paceturf.org >. Happ, K

weed management strategies may include cultural controls such as flooding and sanding of beds, mechanical controls such as hand weeding, and chemical controls with pre- and postemergence herbicides ( Sandler, 2011b ). Interest in reducing chemical

. Colletotrichum acutatum conidia may survive in soil and plant debris under dry conditions for up to 12 months, but conidia and sclerotia die rapidly under moist conditions, i.e., soil moisture ≥12% ( Norman and Strandberg, 1997 ). ANTHRACNOSE CULTURAL

( Hausbeck and Lamour, 2004 ; Hwang and Kim, 1995 ). Fungicides and cultural control strategies have been used in conjunction with cultivar resistance to reduce losses due to P. capsici ( Ristaino and Johnston, 1999 ). However, the availability of

( Irish et al., 2006 ). BLSD does not immediately kill its host plants; instead, it causes severe leaf necrosis that results in reduced photosynthetic area, thereby impacting the bunch weight and fruit quality. Without chemical and cultural control, yields

developed to this class of insecticides in Florida ( Schuster et al., 2008 , 2010 ) and elsewhere ( Horowitz et al., 2007 ). An effective cultural control program would include reduction of vector populations by initiating timely crop destruction after

To produce uniform plants, growers of herbaceous perennials control plant growth by using both cultural controls, including plant nutrition, light, and temperature, and chemical controls, i.e., PGRs ( Albrecht and Tayama, 1992 ; Whipker et al

. Cultural controls for suppressing Phytophthora cinnamomi root rot of blueberry. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR, PhD Diss. < https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/handle/1957/53338 > Yeo, J.R. Weiland, J.E. Sullivan, D.M. Bryla, D.R. 2016

remain unclear; however, once bacteria enter the rootstock, no cultural control or chemical treatment can prevent disease development ( Norelli et al., 2003 ). High-density systems rely mainly on the rootstock ‘M.9’, a highly productive dwarfing