). Although the insect morphology suggested the unknown scale on Spiraea were CMBS, observational evidence still has limitations in its ability to identify species. For example, the azalea bark scale, a close relative of CMBS, is often mistaken as CMBS
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Runshi Xie, Bin Wu, Mengmeng Gu, Stacey R. Jones, James Robbins, Allen L. Szalanski, and Hongmin Qin
Justine Beaulieu, Bruk Belayneh, John D. Lea-Cox, and Cassandra L. Swett
( Evans and Stamps, 1996 ; Frenkel et al., 2017 ). Many alternatives exist that are arguably more sustainable, including coconut fiber (coir) and milled tree bark. Pine bark has been used in Mexico and the United States for several decades ( Madrid
Patrick H. Kingston, Carolyn F. Scagel, David R. Bryla, and Bernadine Strik
relatively novel idea ( Fulcher et al., 2015 ). Substrate mixes used in nurseries frequently contain peatmoss, coir, bark, and/or perlite, but it is unclear whether these components are also suitable for longer term fruit production of blueberry. Partially
Xiaoyuan Feng, Baogang Wang, Wensheng Li, Lei Shi, Jiankang Cao, and Weibo Jiang
vanilla showed antimicrobial effects ( Ahmad and Prasad, 1995 ; Damayanti et al., 1996 ; Kyu Kyu Win et al., 2007 ; Neri et al., 2007 ). Phellodendron bark, considered an important Chinese herb, was commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine for
James E. Altland, M. Gabriela Buamscha, and Donald A. Horneck
Ornamental container crops in the Pacific Northwest are grown primarily in douglas fir [ Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco] bark (DFB). Similar to pine ( Pinus taeda L.) bark in the southeast United States, DFB comprises the highest portion
James E. Altland and Charles R. Krause
Pine bark is the primary component in container nursery substrates, comprising 60% to 80% by volume of most substrate blends. Pine bark is a commodity used by other industries including fuel generation, fiber ( Lu et al., 2006 ), charcoal, landscape
Nastaran Basiri Jahromi, Amy Fulcher, Forbes Walker, James Altland, Wesley Wright, and Neal Eash
-rich by-product of pyrolysis, can reduce substrate pore size by nesting between larger particles of pine bark and providing greater water-holding capacity. This reduction in substrate pore size has been demonstrated to increase the amount of available
Julian C. Crane and I. Al-Shalan
Abstract
The pistachio (Pistacia vera L.), characteristically a biennial bearer, produces its most extensive shoot growth in years of heavy crop production. Whereas levels of total sugars in bark and wood of bearing and nonbearing branches were similar throughout the year, starch levels tended generally to be higher in nonbearing than in bearing branches. Consequently, nonbearing branches one year gave rise to heavy crops the next and, beacuse of greater quantities of reserve foods, also produced extensive shoot growth. Bearing branches of that same year, .however, produced few or no nuts the next and, because of lesser quantities of reserve foods, produced markedly less shoot growth. No relationship between total nitrogen level and shoot growth or fruiting was evident.
D. L. Airhart, N. J. Natarella, and F. A. Pokorny
Abstract
The external surfaces and internal structures of particles of milled pine bark (Pinus taeda L. and P. elliottii Engelm.) were examined with scanning electron microscopy. Numerous external openings, cracked cell walls and internal cellular connections, that might allow water penetration were observed. Periderm surfaces were without pores, and contained rough surfaces and apparently waxy substances that might resist water penetration or absorption.
Esmaeil Fallahi, Michael J. Kiester, Bahar Fallahi, and Shahla Mahdavi
) (Agusti et al., 1998; Fernandez-Escobar et al., 1987 ) and loquat ( Eriobotrya japonica) ( Agusti et al., 2005 ). However, bark girdling may impair trees and vine health if callusing is slow or inadequate ( Fallahi et al., 2017 ; Fernandez-Escobar et al