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leaf temperature or ambient heat produced from the fixture. In the summer, this additional heat energy will likely become problematic and may surpass the quenching ability of accessory pigments (i.e., xanthophyll cycle overload), causing protein

, photosynthetic CO 2 assimilation and xanthophyll cycle interconversions during dehydration in desiccation-tolerant and intolerant liverworts Planta 207 224 228 Demmig-Adams, B. Adams, W.W. 1996 The role of xanthophyll cycle carotenoids in the protection of

color was negatively correlated with percentage light transmission into the canopy. High temperature in combination with high light causes photo-oxidation and photodestruction of chlorophyll in apple peel, although the xanthophyll cycle (carotenoids) and

One 8 e67850 Hughes, N.M. Burkey, K.O. Cavendar-Bares, J. Smith, W.K. 2012 Xanthophyll cycle pigment and antioxidant profiles of winter-red (anthocyanic) and winter-green (acyanic) angiosperm evergreen species J. Expt. Bot. 63 1895 1905 Lakso, A

Operation of the xanthophyll cycle in the seagrass Zostera marina in response to variable irradiance J. Expt. Marine Biol. Ecol. 271 189 207 Raveh, E. Nerd, A. Mizrahi, Y. 1998 Responses of two hemiepiphytic fruit crop cacti to different degrees of shade Sci

Pelargonium peltatum but the effect is transient Postharvest Biol. Tech. 22 169 177 Cheng, L. 2003 Xanthophyll cycle pool size and composition in relation to the nitrogen content of apple leaves J. Expt. Bot. 54 385 393

, carbohydrate metabolism, xanthophyll cycle and the antioxidant system of ‘Honeycrisp’ apple leaves with zonal chlorosis J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 129 729 737 Critchley, J.J. Zeeman, S.C. Takaha, T. Smith, A

.Y. Bugos, R.C. Hieber, A.D. 1999 Biochemistry and molecular biology of the xanthophyll cycle, p. 293–303. In: H.A. Frank, A.J. Young, G. Britton, and R.J. Cogdell (eds.). The photochemistry of carotenoids. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands Yuan, L. Xiong

strategies to manage such stress, including xanthophyll cycle, antioxidant systems, certain adaptive anatomical as well morphological features, etc. Accumulation of Elips in overwintering evergreens during winter represents a relatively novel strategy to

photo- and oxidative-protective functions in leaf tissue. The xanthophyll cycle pigments (zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, and violaxanthin) participate as antioxidants in light-harvesting complexes ( Demmig-Adams et al., 1996 ; Niyogi et al., 1997 ). When