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-long, spindle fruit are liked by consumers in Vietnam, whereas long cylindrical and smooth fruit with light-green color are preferred in Thailand. South Asian consumers like small-to-medium size, dark-green, spindle-shaped fruit with spiny exterior surfaces

-density using dwarfing rootstocks and slender spindle architecture training systems ( Sazo and Robinson, 2013 ). When mechanical hedging was first introduced, it was mainly carried out when trees were dormant and resulted in undesirable vigorous growth and

trees from which apples were harvested were grafted on dwarfing ‘M.9-337’ rootstock, supported by trellis, and managed to a tall spindle architecture. The two northwest Washington orchards have a cool, humid summer climate (13.5 °C, 283 mm precipitation

transmitted light microscope using a COHU high Performance CCD Camera (MetaSystem Inc.). Images were processed with Adobe Photoshop CS v8 (Adobe Systems). Ploidy analysis through flow cytometry. Ploidy levels were determined for young, unexpanded leaf

spindle formation and preventing nuclear and cell division ( Ganga and Chezhiyan, 2002 , and references therein). Recently, however, Caperta et al. (2006) showed that spindle disruption alone is insufficient for the production of polyploid cells. Low

.00 m. HDP is characterized by small and narrow canopies where a large part of the foliage is fully exposed to the sun as typically arranged to a spindle or V system ( Musacchi and Green, 2017 ). However, the use of estimation tools in both environments

orchard in Cawston, BC, Canada was selected, and the coordinates were lat. 49.18°N and long. 119.74°W. The orchard consisted of 12-year-old healthy trees trained in a super spindle system and managed following British Columbia production recommendations

management. The European elder is taller and tends to spread less aggressively from rhizomes compared with S. canadensis ; this characteristic permits pruning S. nigra into a single-trunked plant that can be coppiced to the same point at 1 to 2 m annually

., 2003a , 2011 ; Kim et al., 2009 ). I. germanica L., which is regarded as one of the most horticulturally important tall bearded irises, has been cultivated ever since ancient time with hundreds of commercially valuable cultivars ( Huang et al., 2003

.P. Baugher, T.A. Kime, L.F. Schupp, M.A. 2017 A method for quantifying whole-tree pruning severity in mature tall spindle apple plantings HortScience 52 1233 1240 Stefanelli, D. Zoppolo, R.J. Perry, R.L. 2009 Organic orchard floor management systems for apple