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photoperiods and high light quantity (9–26 mol·m −2 ·d −1 ) only marginally improved flowering (0% to 15%) after 12 weeks of growth (B. Fausey and A.C. Cameron, unpublished data). Although growth at any temperature may result in flowering when given enough time

quantities that reached the French bean crop (DLI) were lowered by ≈1% and 11.5%, respectively, by the use of agronet covers. Covers block light as well as reduce the light quality ( Antignus and Ben-Yakir, 2004 ). The reduction in PAR and light quantity

vegetative growth in various crops ( Oren-Shamir et al., 2001 ; Shahak, 2008 ). In this study, shade nets modified light quantity (i.e., PAR ) received by bell pepper plants; the effect of shade net treatments on light quality was not measured. Black nets

). Therefore, the light conditions in a PFAL can be controlled precisely to meet the needs of plants. Compared with light quantity and light period, light quality has much more complex effects on plant morphology and physiology ( Folta and Carvalho, 2015 ; Xu

by light quantity. They tend to be most active in the field in full-sun conditions ( Fleming, 1972 ). Research involving wind tunnel bioassays and field observations also showed that the degree of Japanese beetle response to attractants was related

regulation of flowering of Coreopsis grandiflora ‘Sunray’ by vernalization, photoperiod and light quantity Mich. State Univ East Lansing PhD Diss. Shedron, K.G. Weiler, T.C. 1982 Regulation of growth and flowering in

Coreopsis grandiflora ‘Sunray’ by vernalization, photoperiod and light quantity. PhD diss., Dept. of Horticulture, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI Runkle, E. Heins, R. Cameron, A. Carlson, W. 2001 Horticultural flowering of herbaceous perennials

therefore especially important when studying different growth phases of onion. Control of light quantity and quality are critical to manage onion growth and development in controlled environments ( Brewster, 2008 ). Under controlled environments, fluorescent

50 estimates observed in Expt. 1 could be due to reduced light quantity and quality when the experiment was conducted (January for Expt. 1 vs. September for Expt. 2). In both experiments, LD 50 estimates were greater than GR 50 estimates, with GR

size and branching. Literature cited Armitage, A.M. 2001 Armitage's manual of annuals, biennials, and half-hardy perennials Timber Press Portland, OR Beckwith, A.G. Zhang, Y. Seeram, N.P. Cameron, A.C. Nair, M.G. 2004 Relationship of light quantity and