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, were laid out in a randomized complete block with four replications. Overhead irrigation was withheld 13 h after treatment application to allow for herbicide absorption. Visual ratings of vigor, foliar injury (0% = no injury to 100% = complete plant

melatonin treatment, C. arabica plants were treated with melatonin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) three times per week using both foliar spraying and application into the soil at the same concentration of 100 µM as previously reported ( Kabiri et al., 2018

al., 2006 ). To reduce rapid internode elongation under a low light level, plant growth retardants have been used as a foliar spray or soil drench ( Davis, 1987 ). Paclobutrazol [β-(4-chlorophenyl)methyl-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1 H -1,2,4-triazole-1

water control (untreated), applied the same day as the PGR applications. All applications were foliarly applied to runoff using a carbon dioxide backpack sprayer (30 psi, TeeJet 8003E flat fan nozzle; Spraying Systems, Wheaton, IL). At the end of the

leaves after treatment for 1 d, 25.4% higher than the control, whereas it then declined gradually to the control level ( Fig. 3B ). Whether the plants were exposed to high temperature or normal temperature, foliar application of exogenous Spd consistently

table salt (400 lb/acre a.i.) (Morton's; Morton International, Chicago) were applied 2 d after transplanting (DAT). Hand-broadcast application of the table salt treatment was conducted 28 DAT to impose foliar injury on the weed seedlings present. The

.) plants when used as a foliar spray. Peppermint and spearmint were chosen as test plants because these crops are the most widely grown essential oil crops both in the United States ( Lawrence, 2007 ; National Agricultural Statistic Service, 2009 ) and

applications. Male flowers induced on genetically female plants will produce pollen containing only X gametes, which when crossed with eggs from female plants result in all-female seed ( Mohan Ram and Sett, 1982 ). Foliar sprays of STS have been effective at

for visible symptoms to be expressed. The objective of our study was to investigate P n rates in relation to increasing Mn concentrations. To accomplish this, we characterized the effect of foliar Mn fertilizer applications on leaf Mn and P n and

factors such as soil type and depth of drip tubing ( Coolong, 2016 ). Recently, smartphone applications have been developed that scheduled irrigation using real-time weather data to calculate ET o [Smartirrigation App ( University of Florida, 2012