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Xenia is defined as the effect of foreign pollen on the development of fruit tissue. It involves the interaction between a nuclear gene from the male gamete and either two polar nuclear genes from the endosperm or one nuclear gene from the egg

pecan, breeding programs often must make use of stored pollen to achieve particular crosses. Efficient and reproducible viability testing is essential to facilitating the use of stored pollen because nut set cannot be determined until after the end of

when cultivated near other sexually compatible cultivars. To avoid seed formation, several strategies have been explored ( Vardi et al., 2008 ). Open pollination factors such as pollen flow ( Chao et al., 2005 ) or the pollination efficiencies of wind

highlight in particular the influence of temperature requirements and consequent reproductive structures maturation/pollen emission phases ( Alcalá and Barranco, 1992 ; Fornaciari et al., 2005 ; Orlandi et al., 2005a ). The study of pollen flows through

Pollination is an essential process for fruit set, fruit growth, fruit quality, and seed set of most apple cultivars. The first step of successful apple pollination is the transfer of pollen to the stigmatic surface (typically vectored by bees

the parents of HG includes P. officinalis (2 n = 4 x = 20), Paeonia macrophylla (Albov) Lomakin (2 n = 4 x = 20), and Paeonia coriacea Retz. (2 n = 4 x = 20), among others ( Hong et al., 2010 ). As the structure of angiosperm pollen is

pollen and require a nearby diploid (seeded) watermelon plant to supply viable pollen ( Kihara, 1951 ; Robinson and Decker-Walters, 1997 ; Rubatzky and Yamaguchi, 1997 ). Pollenizer selection affects triploid fruit quantity, quality, and timing of

most of its genera possess trizonocolporate pollen ( Sachdeva and Malik, 1986 ). The pollen grains of Asteraceae have been characterized as basically helianthoid, spherical or slightly flattened, tricolporate, and echinate ( Skvarla et al., 1977

cucumerinum ). The amount of pollen required for fruit set depends on the number of pistillate flowers produced by the cucumber cultivar. Generally, monoecious cucumber plants are planted in the field, and plants produce enough pollen for fruit set. Since ‘NC

and color patterns. Furthermore, their relatively short production cycle from seedling to a blooming plant provides a highly valuable and desirable characteristic for commercial large-scale production. Pollen storage is of great importance for plant