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cultivars of Anagallis in the ‘Wildcat’™ series with blue, orange, dark orange, and red flower colors. Genes involved in the anthocyanin pathway that are responsible for flower color variation have been widely studied, mostly in Petunia and

can be straight or branched. The branched-chain esters are derived from the pathways associated with branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis via 1-carbon (1-C) fatty acid biosynthesis (FAB) (Kroumova and Wagner, 2003 ; Sugimoto et al., 2011 , 2015

represents the first step in the carotenoid synthesis pathway. Therefore, mesotrione is an indirect inhibitor of phytoene desaturase because plastoquinone serves as a cofactor for this enzyme. Tissue whitening after mesotrione applications can be attributed

). Phytochrome regulates expression of phytoene synthase, a key step on the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in tomato fruit ( Alba et al., 2000 ; Schofield and Paliyath, 2005 ). Similar results were observed for carotenoids in pepper leaves ( Simkin et al., 2003

, low temperature, and heat stress by inducing a series of signaling cascades. Studies suggest that osmotic stress imposed by high-salt or drought stress is transmitted through at least two pathways: ABA-dependent and ABA-independent pathways ( Xiong and

weakening NR and NiR activities, by diminishing NO 3 − -N uptake, and/or by rapid assimilation of NH 4 + stimulated through the NADH-GDH and GS/NADH-GOGAT pathways. In our experiment, a stress-induced increase in plant NADH-GDH, which is an important enzyme

; Schickler and Chet, 1997 ). Plants use multiple pathways to transduce pathogenic signals and activate the hypersensitive response (HR), SAR, and other defense responses. The onset of SAR is associated with increased endogenous levels of salicylic acid (SA

biochemical metabolic pathways in plants, consequently affecting the growth and development of plants and pathogens ( Espinosa-Leal et al., 2018 ). Most reports have focused on enzymes such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and

., 2000 ; Gautier et al., 2011, 2008 ). Manipulating flavonoids and carotenoids in tomato fruits could also indirectly alter the concentrations of VOCs that are produced from these same pathways ( Baldwin et al., 1991 ; Tieman et al., 2006 ). However

chemical spray. Acetolactate synthase (ALS, electrical conductivity 2.2.1.6; also referred to as acetohydroxyacid synthase) is the first common enzyme in the biosynthetic pathways leading to the branched-chain amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, and valine